Ilire, Maqedone dhe Helene.

[Mallakastrioti]

Je i madh Alb...te lumte, i lexova me teper vemendje keto faktet qe solle me siper

[ALBPelasgian]

Je i madh Alb...te lumte, i lexova me teper vemendje keto faktet qe solle me siper

Të falemnderit Mallakastër! Sivjet (disa miq të mi që jetojnë në Perëndim) më kanë premtuar se do m'i
dërgojnë një sërë librash të përzgjedhur që ua kam kërkuar të m'i dërgojnë. Gjithë dijen dhe informacionet
pastaj do t'i publikoj pa ngurrim këtu.

[ALBPelasgian]

Ja Mallakastër dhe ky material i eruditit William Smith i cili flet ndër të tjerash
mbi kufinjtë e 'Hellas proper' - Greqisë së vërtetë. Mbi të gjitha, midis rreshtave
fshihet edhe një pasus i cili ia jep dërrmen propagandës së 'gërxhëve' siç thua ti, kur e keqcitojnë
Strabonin i cili ka thënë: '"Macedonia, of course, is a part of Greece". Strabo, VII, Frg. 9 (Loeb, H.L. Jones).

Le të shohim çfarë thotë William Smithi shi për këtë:




Nëse teksti nuk duket mirë, ndiq vegëzen e mëposhtme:
http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA1010 ... utput=text

Pra, Straboni e quan Maqedoninë 'Greqi' në kuptim administrativ për shkak se Maqedonia mbante të pushtuar krejt 'Greqinë'

[ALBPelasgian]

(vijon) këtu autori Robert Bateman Paul paksa e kontradikton vetëveten për shkak se njëherë thotë se Epiri bënë pjesë
në të ashtuquajturën Greqi Veriore, ndërsa kur i përmend kufinjtë e saj thotë se shtriheshin në një vijë paralele
prej Ambrakisë deri te gjiri Maliak.


The antiquities of Greece
By Robert Bateman Paul

Ka gjasë që ky shënim të jetë postuar dhe më parë në forum, mirëpo ma ha mendja se është e nevojshme
të ripostohet.

Macedonia, Or Macedon

Macedonia, Or Macedon (the latter name being used, exclusively by English writers, to designate the state or empire, the former designating the land or province), an ancient country of S. E. Europe, N. of Greece, the principal parts of which now form the Turkish vilayet of Selanik (Salonica), the population consisting of Turks, Wallachs, Albanians, Greeks, and Jews. Parts of this country are renowned in modern times for fertility, producing among others abundant and excellent crops of wheat, cotton, tobacco, wine, oil, and fruits. Its most ancient name among the Greeks seems to have been Emathia, and subsequently Macetia or Maxetia, the people being called Macetae. The name Macedonians is first applied to them by Herodotus. They were probably of Illyrian race, and seem originally to have lived in the S. W. part of the country, in the vicinity of Mt. Pindus, whence they spread northeastward, mingling with Thracian as well as Grecian settlers. The reigning house of Macedon is believed to have belonged to the descendants of the latter, or to a Hellenized tribe, and their influence gradually extended the use of the Greek language; but the people were never regarded as genuine Hellenes by their neighbors of the Grecian peninsula and the islands.

The boundaries of Macedonia varied in the different periods of its history. In the time of Herodotus, or at least according to him, it consisted only of the district extending from the confines of Thessaly to the river Lydias. In a subsequent period it extended E. as far as the Strymon (now Struma), which separated it from Thrace, being bounded N. by Pteonia, W. by Illyria, and S. by Olympus and the Cambunian mountains, which separated it from Thessaly. This may be called Macedonia proper. Philip, the father of Alexander the Great, extended the limits of his kingdom by the conquest of Paeonia on the north, of the Thracian district between the Strymon and the Nestus (Kara-su) on the east (afterward Macedonia Adjecta), of the peninsula of Chalcidice on the southeast, and of an adjoining district of Illyria on the west. Thus his kingdom was bounded N. by the Scardus, Scomius, and Orbelus ranges, separating it from Moesia and Dardania, E. by the Rhodope range and Nestus river, separating it from Thrace, S. E. by the AEgean sea (archipelago), S. by the Olympus and the Cambunian mountains, and W. by the northern prolongation of the Pindus and the river Drilo (Drin). It comprised the districts of Paeonia, Pelagonia, Lyncestis, Orestis, Pieria, Emathia, Chalcidice, Bisaltia, and others.

Besides the encircling mountain ranges, there were some less important chains in the interior, divided by fertile valleys. Of the rivers, which mostly flow in a S. E. or E. direction into the .AEgean, the most important were the Nestus, the Strymon, whieh flows into the gulf of its name, and the Axius (Vardar), which receives the waters of the Lydias, and like the Haliacmon (Vistritza) flows into the Thermaic gulf (gulf of Salonica). The southern part of Chalcidice, washed by the Thermaic, Toronaic, Singitic, and Strymo-nic gulfs, was divided into the three minor peninsulas of Pallene, Sithonia, and Acte, the last of which terminated in Mt. Athos, and a canal was said to have been cut through it by Xerxes on his invasion of Greece. Among the cities were: AEgee, or Edessa, the residence of the early kings; Pella, that of Philip and his son Alexander; Thessalonica (Salonica, now the largest town), that of Cassander, at the head of the Thermaic gulf; Olynthus, formerly one of the most powerful cities of Thrace, besieged, taken, and destroyed by Philip; Potidaea, a colony of Corinth, conquered by Athens, and subsequently by Philip; Chalcis, a colony of the town of the same name in Euboea; Amphipolis, a colony of Athens, near the mouth of the Strymon; Philippi, founded by Philip, and renowned for the battle of its name (42 B. C), which terminated with the victory of the triumvirs and the death of Brutus and Cassius; Stagira, the birthplace of Aristotle; Pydna, where Perseus was defeated by the Romans under AEmilius Paulus (1G8 B. C.); Dium, Pelagonia, Bercea, Methone, Stobi, and Acanthus. Under the Romans the province of Macedonia included large portions of the neighboring western and southern countries, extending from the AEgean to the Adriatic, and being bounded S. by the province of Achaia, which included the largest part of Greece. - Macedon, having been founded by Perdiccas L, first appeared in history under Amyntas, a contemporary of Darius, the first Persian invader of Greece (about 500 B. C), was made powerful and the virtual mistress of Greece by Philip (359-'36), son of Amyntas II., and the greatest empire of the period by the conquests of his son Alexander (336-'23), decayed under the successors of the latter, was broken by the two victories of the Romans at Cynoscephalae (197) and Pydna (168), and made a Roman province after various insurrections and the final defeat of the Achaeans in 146. Its history is closely connected with that of Greece, and we refer our readers to the history of that country, as well as to the lives of the most important Macedonian monarchs. - The Geographie ancienne de la Macedoine, by M. Desdevises du Dezert (Paris, 1863), which also treats the history of the country, is probably the most accurate and exhaustive work that has yet appeared on ancient Macedonia.

http://chestofbooks.com/reference/Ameri ... cedon.html

[ALBPelasgian]

Vetë fakti që termi 'Epirus Nova' u shtri edhe në Shqipërinë Qendrore flet në të mirë
të unitetit etnik iliro-epirot

[Zeus10]

Je i madh Alb...te lumte, i lexova me teper vemendje keto faktet qe solle me siper

Eshte fakt i pamohueshem, se cfaredo kuptimi qe te kishte termi Hellas ne ate kohe, ajo nuk kishte kufij politik te qarte, dhe ishte me shume nje aspirate politike, per te bashkuar ne nje te vetme fragmente polisesh(qytetesh-shtete) qe banoheshin ose sundoheshin pikerisht nga ata qe kishin zgjedhur pikerisht kete lloj organizimi politik-administrativ-ushtarak, dhe ndoshta per kete arsye quheshin greke; dhe jo sepse i perkisnin nje race me gjuhe, gjak dhe kulture specifike.

[Zeus10]

Pastaj i njejti autor mund te na jape versione te ndryshme te nje historie; psh Pausanias qe na informon se:
"Pirro erdhi nga Hellas"
ne nje rast tjeter na thote se Hellasi dhe Thesprotia(pra Epiri) jane dy gjera te ndara:

Pausanias 5.14.2

The Eleans are wont to use for the sacrifices to Zeus the wood of the white poplar and of no other tree, preferring the white poplar, I think, simply and solely because Heracles [color=#0000FF][b]brought it into Greece from Thesprotia.[/b][/color] And it is my opinion that when Heracles sacrificed to Zeus at Olympia he himself burned the thigh bones of the victims upon wood of the white poplar

τῆς δὲ λεύκης μόνης τοῖς ξύλοις ἐς τοῦ Διὸς τὰς θυσίας καὶ ἀπ᾽ οὐδενὸς δένδρου τῶν ἄλλων οἱ Ἠλεῖοι χρῆσθαι νομίζουσι, κατ᾽ ἄλλο μὲν οὐδὲν προτιμῶντες ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν τὴν λεύκην, ὅτι δὲ Ἡρακλῆς ἐκόμισεν αὐτὴν ἐς Ἕλληνας ἐκ τῆς Θεσπρωτίδος χώρας. καί μοι καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ἡρακλῆς ἐφαίνετο, ἡνίκα τῷ Διὶ ἔθυεν ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ, τῶν ἱερείων τὰ μηρία ἐπὶ λεύκης καῦσαι ξύλων

Pra nese vete ata autore jane kontradiktore per kuptimin Hellas, dhe jo me sasi te vogla, atehere kjo tregon, qe vete Helenet, mund te kene qene gjithshka, por jo nje etni, ne kuptimin qe ne i japim sot nje te tille.

[Mallakastrioti]

"Roli Pellazgo-Ilir Ne Krijimin e Kombeve Dhe Gjuheve Evropiane" - Kocaqi, Elena [2008]

[ALBPelasgian]

Njëri ndër kuajt e propagandës 'greke' për të pretenduar Maqedoninë është dhe kjo:

Your ancestors came to Macedonia and the rest of Hellas
and did us great harm, though we had done them no prior injury.
I have been appointed leader of the Greeks, and wanting to punish
the Persians I have come to Asia, which I took from you.

Alexander's letter to Persian king Darius III of Persia in response
to a truce plea, as quoted in Anabasis Alexandri by Arrian; translated as Anabasis of Alexander
by P. A. Brunt, for the "Loeb Edition" Book II 14, 4

Zakonisht, mediumet e propagandës greke e shfaqin vetëm fillimin e Letrës së Lekës së Madh dërguar Darit -Mbretit të Madh të Perandorisë Perse. Shihet qartë që në rreshtat e lartëpërmendur askund nuk indikohet farë heleniciteti i Maqedonasve, sepse Leka i Madh donte të solidarizohej me mynxyrën e 'grekëve' që kishin pësuar nën thundrën perse, në mënyrë që të gjente sadopak një shkas që do arsyetonte zyrtarisht luftën. Letra e plotë është kjo:

Your ancestors invaded Macedon and the rest of Greece and did us harm although we had not done you any previous injury. I have been appointed commander-in-chief of the Greeks and it is with the aim of punishing the Persians that I have crossed into Asia, since you are the aggressors. You gave support to the people of Perinthus, who had done to the Greeks about me, to push them to war against me, and sent money to the Spartans and some other Greeks, which none of the other cities would accept apart from the Spartans. Your envoys corrupted my friends and sought to destroy the peace, which I established among the Greeks.
I therefore led an expedition against you, and you started the quarrel. But now I have defeated in battle first your generals and satraps, and now you in person and your army, and by the grace of the gods I control the country. All those who fought on your side and did not die in battle but came over to me, I hold myself responsible for them; they are not on my side under duress but are taking part in the expedition of their own free will. Approach me therefore as the lord of all Asia. If you are afraid of suffering harm at my hands by coming in person, send some of your friends to receive proper assurances. Come to me to ask and receive your mother, your wife, your children and anything else you wish. Whatever you can persuade me to give shall be yours.
In future whenever you communicate with me, send to me as Lord of Asia; do not write to me as an equal, but state your demands to the master of all your possessions. If not, I shall deal with you as a wrongdoer. If you wish to lay claim to the title of king, then stand your ground and fight for it; do not take to flight, as I shall pursue you wherever you may be.

Pjesët e nënvizuara e shkatërrojnë pretendimin grek (në fillim të letrës) sepse Leka i Madh qartazi bën një dallim të prerë midis tij dhe 'Grekëve' ku 'grekët' janl vazhdimisht kundër Maqedonasve

[ALBPelasgian]

Zeus, në sajë të një miku i cili e njeh dhe e lexon greqishten e vjetër, e gjeta që versioni i Apianit në gjuhën angleze është tërësisht i gabuar, sidomos kur flet për Agrianët.

Pos të tjerash, siç kemi biseduar, versioni në anglisht i Apianit në lidhje me Agrianët thotë kështu:

They have been renowned from the Macedonian period through the Agrianes,
who rendered very important aid to
Philip and Alexander and are Pones of Lower Pannonia bordering on Illyria.

Teksti në origjinal në greqishten e vjetër është ky:

[14] Οἱ δὲ Παίονές εἰσιν ἔθνος μέγα παρὰ τὸν Ἴστρον, ἐπίμηκες ἐξ Ἰαπόδων ἐπὶ Δαρδάνους, Παίονες μὲν ὑπὸ
τῶν Ἑλλήνων λεγόμενοι, καὶ ῥωμαϊστὶ Παννόνιοι, συναριθμούμενοι δὲ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων τῇ Ἰλλυρίδι, ὡς προεῖπον.
διὸ καὶ περὶ τῶνδέ μοι δοκεῖ νῦν κατὰ τὰ Ἰλλυρικὰ εἰπεῖν. ἔνδοξοι δ᾽ εἰσὶν ἐκ Μακεδόνων δι᾽ Ἀγριᾶνας, οἳ τὰ
μέγιστα Φιλίππῳ καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ κατεργασάμενοι Παίονές εἰσι τῶν κάτω Παιόνων, Ἰλλυριοῖς ἔποικοι. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐπὶ
τοὺς Παίονας ἐστράτευσε Κορνήλιος, κακῶς ἀπαλλάξας μέγα δέος Παιόνων Ἰταλοῖς ἅπασιν ἐνεποίησε, καὶ ἐς
πολὺ τοῖς ἔπειτα ὑπάτοις ὄκνον ἐπὶ Παίονας ἐλαύνειν. τὰ μὲν δὴ πάλαι τοσαῦτα περὶ Ἰλλυριῶν καὶ Παιόνων
ἔσχον εὑρεῖν: ἐν δὲ τοῖς ὑπομνήμασι τοῦ δευτέρου Καίσαρος τοῦ κληθέντος Σεβαστοῦ, παλαιότερον μὲν οὐδὲν
οὐδ᾽ ἐν τοῖσδε περὶ Παιόνων ηὗρον.

Kjo 'κάτω Παιόνων, Ἰλλυριοῖς ἔποικοι' a nuk i bie 'Paionë - ilirë të ardhur ose kolonë (rezident ilir)?

[Zeus10]

Albpelasgian, greqishtja e vjeter eshte nje gjuhe qe perkthehet ne menyre skematike dhe empirike, ajo nuk eshte nje gjuhe si gjuhet moderne, qe ne j'au dime mire kuptimin e fjaleve, bile jemi ne gjendje te dallojme nuanca kuptimore dhe te gjejme saktesisht homologet ne gjuhe te tjera. Nuk ka njeri ne boten e sotme, qe te di me siguri, kuptimin e fjaleve te greqishtes se vjeter. Ajo ne fund te fundit eshte nje gjuhe e vdekur, dhe imitimi i saj greqishtja moderne, eshte shemtimi i saj. Megjithate une po te sjell nje perkthim te bere prej White Horacle, ku ai i klasifikon Pannonet si pjese te races ilire, pikerisht ne paragrafin qe ke sjelle ti:

[14] Οἱ δὲ Παίονές εἰσιν ἔθνος μέγα παρὰ τὸν Ἴστρον, ἐπίμηκες ἐξ Ἰαπόδων ἐπὶ Δαρδάνους, Παίονες μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων λεγόμενοι, καὶ ῥωμαϊστὶ Παννόνιοι, συναριθμούμενοι δὲ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων τῇ Ἰλλυρίδι, ὡς προεῖπον. διὸ καὶ περὶ τῶνδέ μοι δοκεῖ νῦν κατὰ τὰ Ἰλλυρικὰ εἰπεῖν. ἔνδοξοι δ᾽ εἰσὶν ἐκ Μακεδόνων δι᾽ Ἀγριᾶνας, οἳ τὰ μέγιστα Φιλίππῳ καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ κατεργασάμενοι Παίονές εἰσι τῶν κάτω Παιόνων, Ἰλλυριοῖς ἔποικοι. ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐπὶ τοὺς Παίονας ἐστράτευσε Κορνήλιος, κακῶς ἀπαλλάξας μέγα δέος Παιόνων Ἰταλοῖς ἅπασιν ἐνεποίησε, καὶ ἐς πολὺ τοῖς ἔπειτα ὑπάτοις ὄκνον ἐπὶ Παίονας ἐλαύνειν. τὰ μὲν δὴ πάλαι τοσαῦτα περὶ Ἰλλυριῶν καὶ Παιόνων ἔσχον εὑρεῖν: ἐν δὲ τοῖς ὑπομνήμασι τοῦ δευτέρου Καίσαρος τοῦ κληθέντος Σεβαστοῦ, παλαιότερον μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδ᾽ ἐν τοῖσδε περὶ Παιόνων ηὗρον

The Pæones are a great nation on the Danube, extending from the Iapydes to the Dardani. They are called Pæones by the Greeks, but Pannonians by the Romans. [color=#0000FF]They are counted by the Romans as a part of Illyria[/color], as I have previously said, for which reason it[color=#0000FF] seems proper that I should include them in my Illyrian history[/color]. They have been renowned from the Macedonian period through the Agrianes, who rendered very important aid to Philip and Alexander and are Pæones of Lower Pannonia bordering on Illyria. When the expedition of Cornelius against the Pannonians resulted disastrously, so great a fear of those people came over all the Italians that for a long time afterwards none of the consuls ventured to march against them. Concerning the early history of the Illyrians and Pannonians, I have not been able to discover anything further, nor have I found in the commentaries of Augustus anything earlier in the chapters treating of the Pannonians.

Po eshte e vertete qe ἔποικοι' eshte shume afer kuptimit rezidentë, te vendosur, meqe vete oikoi do te thote banese, strehe shtepi. Por ashtu sic te thashe me siper kuptimi i fjaleve ne greqishten e vjeter behet ne menyre statistikore, dhe asnje njeri ne bote nuk ka autoritetin te vendose veton per kuptimin e vertete te fjales, origjinen e saj dhe konteksin. Per rastin konkret, shiko se cna ofrohet prej tyre:



Pra perkthyesi, ka bere nje interpretim te tekstit dhe jo perkthim fjale per fjale, sepse ndryshe do te ishte pikerisht ashtu sic thua ti.

[Zeus10]

Megjithate ne e dime nga mitologjia qe Peonet, jane nengrup i ilireve, pavaresisht se nuk mund ta shfrytezojme kete si fakt historik:

Ἰλλυριοὺς Ἕλληνες ἡγοῦνται τοὺς ὑπέρ τε Μακεδονίαν καὶ Θρᾴκην ἀπὸ Χαόνων καὶ Θεσπρωτῶν ἐπὶ ποταμὸν Ἴστρον. καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας τὸ μῆκος, εὖρος δ᾽ ἐκ Μακεδόνων τε καὶ Θρᾳκῶν τῶν ὀρείων ἐπὶ Παιονας καὶ τὸν Ἰόνιον καὶ τὰ πρόποδα τῶν Ἄλπεων. καὶ ἔστι τὸ μὲν εὖρος ἡμερῶν πέντε, τὸ δὲ μῆκος τριάκοντα, καθὰ καὶ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν εἴρηται. Ῥωμαίων δὲ τὴν χώραν μετρησαμένων ἔστιν ὑπὲρ ἑξακισχιλίους σταδίους τὸ μῆκος, καὶ τὸ πλάτος ἀμφὶ τοὺς χιλίους καὶ διακοσίους.
Φασὶ δὲ τὴν μὲν χώραν ἐπώνυμον Ἰλλυριοῦ τοῦ Πολυφήμου γενέσθαι: Πολυφήμῳ γὰρ τῷ Κύκλωπι καὶ Γαλατείᾳ Κελτὸν καὶ Ἰλλυριὸν καὶ Γάλαν παῖδας ὄντας ἐξορμῆσαι Σικελίας, καὶ ἄρξαι τῶν δι᾽ αὐτοὺς Κελτῶν καὶ Ἰλλυριῶν καὶ Γαλατῶν λεγομένων. καὶ τόδε μοι μάλιστα, πολλὰ μυθευόντων ἕτερα πολλῶν, ἀρέσκει. Ἰλλυριῷ δὲ παῖδας Ἐγχέλεα καὶ Αὐταριέα καὶ Δάρδανον καὶ Μαῖδον καὶ Ταύλαντα καὶ Περραιβὸν γενέσθαι, καὶ θυγατέρας Παρθὼ καὶ Δαορθὼ καὶ Δασσαρὼ καὶ ἑτέρας, ὅθεν εἰσὶ Ταυλάντιοί τε καὶ Περραιβοὶ καὶ Ἐγχέλεες καὶ Αὐταριεῖς καὶ Δάρδανοι καὶ Παρθηνοὶ καὶ Δασσαρήτιοι καὶ Δάρσιοι. Αὐταριεῖ δὲ αὐτῷ Παννόνιον ἡγοῦνται παῖδα ἢ Παίονα γενέσθαι, καὶ Σκορδίσκον Παίονι καὶ Τριβαλλόν, ὧν ὁμοίως τὰ ἔθνη παρώνυμα εἶναι. καὶ τάδε μὲν τοῖς ἀρχαιολογοῦσι μεθείσθω,. γένη δ᾽ ἔστιν Ἰλλυριῶν, ὡς ἐν τοσῇδε χώρᾳ, πολλά. καὶ περιώνυμα ἔτι νῦν, χώραν νεμόμενα πολλὴν, Σκορδίσκων καὶ Τριβαλλῶν, οἳ ἐς τοσοῦτον ἀλλήλους πολέμῳ διέφθειραν ὡς Τριβαλλῶν εἴ τι ὑπόλοιπον ἦν ἐς Γέτας ὑπὲρ Ἴστρον φυγεῖν, καὶ γένος ἀκμάσαν μέχρι Φιλίππου τε καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου νῦν ἔρημον καὶ ἀνώνυμον τοῖς τῇδε εἶναι, Σκορδίσκους δὲ ἀσθενεστάτους ἀπὸ τοῦδε γενομένους ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ὕστερον ὅμοια παθεῖν καὶ ἐς τὰς νήσους τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποταμοῦ φυγεῖν, σὺν χρόνῳ δέ τινας ἐπανἐλθεῖν καὶ Παιόνων ἐσχατιαῖς παροικῆσαι: ὅθεν ἔστι καὶ νῦν Σκορδίσκων γένος ἐν Παίοσιν. τῷ δ᾽ αὐτῷ τρόπῳ καὶ Ἀρδιαῖοι τὰ θαλάσσια ὄντες ἄριστοι πρὸς Αὐταριέων ἀρίστων ὄντων τὰ κατὰ γῆν, πολλὰ βλάψαντες αὐτούς, ὅμως ἐφθάρησαν. καὶ ναυτικοὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τοῖς Ἀρδιαίοις ἐγένοντο Λιβυρνοί, γένος ἕτερον Ἰλλυριῶν, οἳ τὸν Ἰόνιον καὶ τὰς νήσους ἐλῄστευον ναυσὶν ὠκείαις τε καὶ κούφαις, ὅθεν ἔτι νῦν Ῥωμαῖοι τὰ κοῦφα καὶ ὀξέα δίκροτα Λιβυρνίδας προσαγορεύουσιν.

[ALBPelasgian]

Falemnderit për shpjegimin e detajuar Zeus!

P.S: Këtu po sjell pasazhe nga faqet e para të biografit modern të Lekës së Madh Dennis Wepman në veprën e tij 'Alexander the Great' 1986:

Crown Prince

It was a beautiful horse, bred and broken to battle. The 13-year-old boy stared at it admiringly as his father haggled over its price. His father, Philip, was a veteran soldier, a proud, tough man unused to losing arguments. He also happened to be the king of Macedon. And he was not about to pay so high a price as 13 talents without at least testing the horse.

But the steed was in no mood to be ridden that day. Jerking its great head -- which had earned it the name Bucephalus, meaning "ox-head" -- it reared and snorted and bucked, and none of the riders could mount it. At last they gave up. The horse was too wild, they said. King Philip, having watched their efforts, agreed. "Take the horse away," he bellowed.

The boy had watched in silence, but now he could no longer contain his frustration. Young Alexander was as strong-willed as his father, and he was determined not to lose this fine horse without asserting his personal objections. He insisted that the horse was being rejected only because the riders lacked the courage and skill to handle it.

Understandably, the men laughed, King Philip along with them. Did the child think he knew more about horses than they?

"I think I could handle it better than they have," the boy pleaded. So father and son made a deal. If Alexander could mount the fiery Bucephalus, his father would pay for it. If not, the boy would pay for the horse himself.

Alexander ran up to the great black stallion and seized its bridle. As the Greek historian Plutarch tells the story some four centuries later, Alexander had noticed that the horse had seemingly been frightened of its shadow, which for the most part had been in front of it. He swiftly turned the steed toward the sun. Then, "speaking gently to the horse and clapping it on the back with his hand till it had ceased from its fury and snorting," the boy leaped lightly onto its back and galloped it around the field, maintaining such perfect control that boy and animal seemed to move as one.

The men cheered the remarkable feat. Even King Philip, who always drove his son mercilessly, was noticeably impressed. According to Plutarch, Philip fell down weeping for joy and then kissed Alexander's head. "My son," the king said, "you will have to find another kingdom. Macedon is too small for you."

Alexander nodded gravely. Praise from his father was rare. Perhaps the boy took the accolade literally and imagined, if only for a moment this first time, that he might someday enlarge his father's kingdom. Indeed, modesty was not one of young Alexander's most conspicuous virtues.

But even the ambitious Crown Prince Alexander of Macedon might have hesitated to predict for himself the triumphs that were to come. In the 20 years remaining to him, he was to overthrow the great empire of Persia and create another realm, greater by far, stretching from the Balkans to India. Born to be king of Macedon, a small, mountainous kingdom near Greece, he made himself the emperor of Egypt and western Asia by the age of 26.

The boy and the horse were not to part for many years. The Roman historian Curtius wrote that Bucephalus always lowered its huge ox-head to help Alexander mount him, and Arrian, a Greek general in the service of Rome, writing in the 2nd century A.D., noted that the horse never again allowed anyone but Alexander to ride it. The two became a famous pair. Bucephalus remained capable of great speed for the 17 years during which they were together. When the great horse died in 326 B.C., Alexander built a city, Bucephala, over its grave.

Mastering an unruly horse is not an historic achievement, but it was a sign. Bucephalus knew it instinctively; everyone saw it; even his proud, somewhat jealous father, King Philip, admitted it. Alexander of Macedon was something special.

In fact, something special was expected of Alexander from the day he was born, in 356 B.C. His father, Philip II, was king of a small, backward country just north of Greece. Macedon was a rural land whose people were viewed as semibarbarous by the Greeks. They were allowed to compete in the Greek Festival games -- the original Olympics -- only because an earlier Macedonian king had made up a story about being descended from the Greek god Heracles. Philip had no hope of raising his country's status except by conquest, and he devoted his life -- what remained after drinking and romance -- to war. Under him the Macedonians had pushed back the Thracians and the Illyrians -- whom even the Macedonians considered barbarians -- to the north, and had acquired control over most of the Greek peninsula.

It was while fighting in Thrace that Philip heard the news of his son's birth, which came with two other messages: the Macedonian general Parmenion had won a great battle in Illyria, and Philip's horse had come in first in the Festival races. It was taken to be a good omen for Alexander that his birth coincided with these other victories. In fact the soothsayers assured Philip that these events indicated his son would be invincible.

The 1st-century historian Plutarch reports other early signs -- about as convincing. A temple of the goddess Diana had burned down the same night that Alexander was born, proving, for any who cared so to interpret the event, that the goddess had been so busy overseeing the birth that she had not been able to watch over her property. And both of Alexander's parents had dreamed that he would be a great man. His mother, Olympias, was a princess from Epirus, a smaller and more provincial kingdom than Macedon, but she believed herself to be descended from the Greek hero Achilles, and was the high priestess of a woman's religious cult. On the night before her marriage to Philip, she dreamed of a thunderbolt in her womb -- proof for her that Alexander was a descendant of the gods.

Apart from all these superstitions, however, there were early personal evidences of Alexander's uniqueness. Ambassadors to Philip's court were astonished at the little boy's intelligence and maturity, and his physical beauty was noted by everyone. He was even said to smell better than others. Plutarch went so far as to report that his body had so sweet a smell that his underwear "took thereof a... delightful savor, as if it had been perfumed."

Philip was a sensualist, a lover of physical pleasure. Half-Illyrian himself, he inherited some of the wild, primitive traits of that tribe, whose presentday descendants, the Albanians, claim Alexander as their own. Philip was a great fighter who revolutionized the art of war. But he had a weakness for wine and women, which finally proved his undoing. Alexander was quite different. He inherited little of that taste for liquor and love, and was known for his composure and chastity even as a youth.

One thing he did share with his father was a fierce independence. The two often clashed, and while the rough warrior Philip was proud of his son and clearly thought of him as his heir, he often found him puzzling. Olympias repeatedly insisted that the boy's real father was a god. Perhaps Philip came to suspect that, if Alexander's father was not necessarily divine, he might not have been King Philip, either. Whatever the reasons, Philip soon cooled to Olympias and began to find his pleasures elsewhere.

Infidelity Philip could have understood, engaging in it as freely as he did himself, but his wife's mean temper and cold religious spirit (not to mention the tame snakes she kept in her bedroom as part of her religious cult) were incomprehensible and repulsive to him. Alexander seemed to have taken after her side of the family in some ways. Philip could identify with his son's skill and daring, but the boy's seriousness seemed unnatural. Alexander did not seem to want what most other boys wanted. He did not indulge himself in drink or sex or fun.

The only thing Alexander wanted was to accomplish great things. His dedication to achievement was obsessive. Even as a child he once cried out, after his father had overrun some city, "My father will have everything, and I will have nothing left to conquer!"

He knew he was to be a king, and never saw himself as anything less. There is a story that when he was invited to compete in the Festival Games -- he was already a notable runner -- he refused. It was not appropriate, he said, to run against commoners. He would participate only if he could compete with kings.

At age seven a Macedonian boy was expected to be ready for formal study, and Philip appointed a severe tutor, Leonidas, to guide his son's scholastic progress. Leonidas was noted for advocating lean diet and strenuous exercise, and Alexander duly submitted to this regime, though probably without much enthusiasm. Philip could see that under Leonidas's tutelage Alexander was being prepared for the battlefield more than for the throne. A night march to make him want his breakfast, and a small breakfast to make him hungry for supper may have hardened the boy's small, tough body, but it did little for his mind, and Philip wanted a well-rounded training for his son and heir. He began looking for the best available tutor, and, when Alexander reached age 13, selected the son of a former court physician to the Macedonian kings. His name was Aristotle.

This Greek philosopher, then in his early 40s, was not yet the legendary figure he was to become, but as a student of the celebrated Plato he had admirable credentials. Philip paid him well and gave him a pleasant little villa in the quiet town of Mieza near the Macedonian capital of Pella. There Aristotle nourished Alexander's intellectual development for approximately three years.

The choice was a fateful one, and was to influence the history of the world. The two hit it off at once, the contemplative, middle-aged philosopher and the bright, ever-curious Macedonian lad. Aristotle immediately set about correcting the crude Macedonian dialect of his royal charge. He also inspired in him a love of Greek literature, as well as a sense of scientific method and a regard for logic. The boy soon developed an appreciation of the great dramatists of Greece. His reverence for the works of the poet Pindar was revealed years later when, upon destroying the city of Thebes, he left the poet's home untouched. Above all, however, he devoured the Iliad, Homer's great epic poem about Greece's war against Troy. This was a pivotal book in Alexander's education, and from it he absorbed many Greek values and ideas. In fact, he slept with it -- along with a dagger -- under his pillow every night for the rest of his life.

A love of literature, however, was not the most important thing Aristotle gave Alexander, though it definitely influenced everything else. Even more important were Aristotle's efforts in training the heir-apparent for kingship. Plato's dream had been a world ruled by philosopher-kings, and it is almost certain that his disciple Aristotle must have seen in the sensitive, intelligent young prince a partial promise of that great dream's fulfillment.

The teacher-pupil relationship came to an abrupt end in 340 B.C. In that year, the 16-year-old prince was summoned back to Pella to serve as king while his father was fighting at Byzantium, in southern Thrace.

It was a great trust and included custody of the royal seal of Macedon, which gave official approval to all government documents. Some of the nobles in the court thought it was too much to ask of a 16-year-old boy still learning grammar and arithmetic. But Alexander of Macedon was no ordinary 16-year-old. He performed his new duties effectively and kept a watchful eye over his father's interests. It was his first taste of real power, and he took to it as if he had been ruling all his life.

Copyright © 1986 by Chelsea House Publishers, a Division of Main Line Book Co.

[Socio]

"Roli Pellazgo-Ilir Ne Krijimin e Kombeve Dhe Gjuheve Evropiane" - Kocaqi, Elena [2008]

Asesi nuk e thote kete Thomas Harrison !!! Elena Kocaqi mundohet te bej dallim mes 'grupit kulturor' dhe 'etnicitetit', por harron se ai group kulturor dallohej dhe dallonte tjeret nga vetja dhe ky dallim ate grup e shendron ne grup etnik. Pra kultura ne kete rast eshte komponent i rendesishem i etnicitetit.

Ja ketu eshte libri i ri 'Greeks and barbarians' i te njejtit autor Thomas Harrisson ku carte flet mbi etnicitetin e Grekeve te lashte:

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7BHE ... q=&f=false

Lexo mbi subjective ethnicity

Ndersa mbi citimin kontradiktiv te Gernierit, ajo harron se ato larmi etnike kane nje identitet dhe kulture dhe dallohen nga te tjeret me po kete identitet, ato nuk mund ti quajme larmi sepse i kemi te shendruar ne nje group etnik te vetem.

Kjo qe Elena Kocaqi na jep eshte e pa besueshme !!

[ALBPelasgian]

The National geographic magazine‎ - Page 142
National Geographic Society (U.S.) - Architecture - 1931

Thus pressed back, the Illyrian, Epirote, and Macedonian clans consolidated
themselves in what modern geography knows as Albania. ' Nothing remained of the

Kjo pikërisht është ajo çka thotë Hahn-i: Shqipëria përfaqëson bërthamën e pathyeshme ku fisi pellazg ruajtri tri degët e tij: Ilirët, Maqedonasit dhe Epirotët.