TROJAN LEADERS
In its resistance against the Achaean invaders, the city of Troy was assisted by a number of allies, coming mainly from different parts of Asia Minor and the Balkans. The list below shows all commanders on the Trojan side.
Acamas 2
leader of Thracians
Acamas 2 was son of Eusorus. Ares assumed once the shape of this Thracian leader in order to exhort the Trojans against the Achaeans. Acamas 2 was killed by Ajax 1.
Acamas 3
leader of Thracians
Thrace is the region between the Black and Aegean seas.
[Hom.Il.5.460ff., 6.5.ff.]
Adrastus 3
leader of Dardanians
Acamas 3
Acamas 3 was a lieutenant of Aeneas and served in his company together with Archelochus. Acamas 3 was son of the Trojan Elder Antenor 1, who was known for advocating for peace. According to some Acamas 3 was killed by Meriones from Crete, but others say that it was Philoctetes who killed him.
Aeneas
Leader of Dardanians
Dardania is a region about Troy.
[Hom.Il.5.70, 12.100, 16.342ff.; QS.10.168.]
Adrastians
Adrastus 3 is son of the seer Merops 1, who had tried to dissuade his son from risking their lives in the Trojan War. During the war he was captured alive by Menelaus to whom he said that his father, being a wealthy man, would pay for him a rich ransom. He was killed by Agamemnon or perhaps by Diomedes 2.
Amphimachus 3
Leader of Adrastians
Adrastia is the region on the European coast of the Hellespont near its entrance to the Propontis.
[Hom.Il.6.37ff., 2.830, 11.328.]
Amphius 1
Leader of Dardanians
Antiphus 4
Leader of Carians
Son of Nomion 2 and brother of Nastes. Either he or his brother Nastes was killed by Achilles.
Archelochus
Caria is the southwestern region of Asia Minor.
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; Hom.Il.2.871.]
Ascanius 3
Adrastians
Brother of Adrastus 3 [see above]. He was killed by Diomedes 2.
Asius 1
Maeonians
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; Hom.Il.2.672, 2.830.]
Chromius 2
Maeonia is a region in Lydia about Mount Tmolos in Asia Minor.
Son of Talaemenes and a Gygaean Nymph. Antiphus 4 is brother of Mesthles [see below].
Ennomus 1
Leader of Dardanians
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; Hom.Il.2.864.]
Epistrophus 2
Leader of Phrygians
Archelochus, son of Antenor 1, served in the same company as Aeneas and Acamas 3. He was killed by Ajax 1.
Euphemus 2
Leader of People of Phrygia.
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; Hom.Il.5.70, 12.100, 14.465ff.]
Eurypylus 6
Leader of Percotians
Son of Aretaon and brother of Phorcys 1.
Glaucus 3
Percote is a city in the Troad opposite the Thracian Chersonesus.
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.]
Hector 1
Leader of Mysians
Asius 1, called Phrygian leader, served in the same company as Helenus 1 and Deiphobus 1, sons of King Priam 1 of Troy. Asius 1 was the son of Hyrtacus and Arisbe, Priam 1's first wife. Asius 1's son Adamas was killed by Meriones during the war. His other son Phaenops 3 came from Abydus, a city in the Troad, and was one of Hector 1's dearest guest-friends. When Apollo once addressed Hector 1 he took the shape of Phaenops 3. Asius 1 was killed by King Idomeneus 1 of Crete.
Mysia is called the northwestern part of Asia Minor.
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; Hom.Il.12.94, 12.140, 13.384ff., 13.570ff., 17.582.]
Hippothous 5
Leader of Mysians
Chromius 2 or Chromis 4 was son of Arsinous 1 and brother of Ennomus 1. He was killed by Odysseus.
Memnon
Leader of Alizonians
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; Hom.Il.5.677; Ov.Met.13.257.]
The Alizonians were Trojan allies, inhabiting the Troad.
A seer, son of Arsinous 1 and brother of Chromius 2. He was killed by Odysseus.
Mesthles
Leader of Ciconians
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; Hom.Il.2.858; Ov.Met.13.260.]
Nastes
Leader of Mysians
Epistrophus 2 has been called leader of the Alizonians and of the AMAZONS. He was son of Mecisteus 3 and brother of Odius 1. Epistrophus 2 was killed by Achilles.
Odius 1
Leader of Lycians
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; Strab.12.3.22, 13.1.7, 13.1.61.]
Pandarus 1
Lycia is a region on the southern coast of Asia Minor east of Caria.
Son of Troezenus, son of Ceas. His death has not been reported.
Peirous
Leader of Trojans
[Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; Hom.Il.2.846.]
Penthesilia
Leader of People from Troy.
Eurypylus 6 is son of Telephus, son of Heracles 1 and Auge 2, the daughter of Aleus, son of Aphidas 1, son of Arcas 1, son of Zeus and Callisto. Eurypylus 6's mother has been called Laodice 3, Argiope 4 and Astyoche 4. Laodice 3 was daughter of King Priam 1 of Troy. Argiope 4 was daughter of Teuthras 1, prince of Teuthrania, a region near Mysia. Astyoche 4 was daughter of King Laomedon 1 of Troy, that is, sister of Priam 1. Eurypylus 6 was killed by Neoptolemus.
Pelasgians
[Apd.Ep.5.12; Dio.4.33.12; Hom.Od.11.519; Hyg.Fab.112; QS.6.120, 6.136, 8.200; Strab.13.1.7, 13.1.69.]
Phorcys 1
Aboriginal people, inhabitants of Greece
This is the man who is remembered for having exchanged his golden armour for that of Diomedes 2, which was made of bronze. He was son of Hippolochus 1, son of Bellerophon. Glaucus 3 was killed by Ajax 1.
Pylaemenes 1
Ethiopians
[Hdt.1.147; Hom.Il.6.232; Apd.Ep.3.34ff.; QS.3.278.]
Pylaeus
Ethiopia is the land south of Egypt, but Western and Eastern Ethiopians must be distinguished since Memnon conquered the East.
Troia
(Troia). The name of the city of Troy or Ilium; also applied to the country. The mythical account of the kingdom of Troy is briefly as follows. Teucer, the first king, had a daughter who married Dardanus, the chieftain of the country northeast of the Troad (Dardania). Dardanus had two sons, Ilus and Ericthonius, and the latter was the father of Tros, from whom the country and people derived the names of Troas and Troes. Tros was the father of Ilus, who founded the city, which was called after him Ilium, and also, after his father, Troia. The next king was Laomedon, and after him Priam. (See Priamus.) In his reign the city was taken and destroyed by the confederated Greeks, after a ten years' siege. (For details see Achilles; Aeneas; Agamemnon; Aiax; Hector; Helena; Neoptolemus; Odysseus; Paris; and especially Trojan War.) As to the historical facts which may be regarded as established, there is evidence of a considerable city having been sacked and burned at a period which archæologists put not later than the twelfth century B.C. That this invasion may have been an enterprise of the Achaeans at that time is neither impossible nor unlikely. If the interpretation of recent Egyptian discoveries is right which makes Achaeans appear as assailants of Egypt in the reign of Rameses III., it would follow that the Achaeans of the twelfth or thirteenth century had power and spirit enough for such an enterprise; but in any case the history of Tiryns and Mycenae, as attested by their ruins, is evidence to the existence of their power at that time. There is therefore no reason why the traditions upon which the Iliad is based should not be regarded as true in their main outlines. It is probable enough that to avenge an act of piracy (which is a common and simple explanation of the rape of Helen) the Greeks of the “Achaean” period besieged and sacked Troy and thence returned to hold their own possessions undisturbed until the Dorian invasion. That there was no Greek settlement upon the site of Troy until a much later period is deduced from the remains of towns of a low state of civilization and of small importance which have been discovered above the ruins of the second city. On the literary use made of the legend of the Trojan War, see Cyclic Poets; Homerus; Vergilius.
HISTORY OF TROY
Troy is a Phrygian city in northwestern Asia Minor in the region called the Troad, and Trojan are called its citizens. Otherwise, this town has also been called Ilium, Ilion, or Ilios. At the time of the Trojan War, Troy was a well-walled city with broad streets and beautiful palaces. Many Asian allies, among which the Ascanians, the AMAZONS, the Lycians, and the Eastern Ethiopians, came with their armies to help the besieged city.
Dardanus 1, son of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra 3 lived in Samothrace, but when his brother Iasion [see Demeter], who was among the most handsome, was killed by Zeus with a thunderbolt because of his love affair with Demeter, he left the island, and coming to the opposite mainland he settled in the territory, which at the time was ruled by Teucer 2.
Emigration of Dardanus 1
Some say that this emigration took place because life in Samothrace, with its poor soil and boisterous sea, was hard for Dardanus 1 and his people. So sailing from the island, he came to the strait called the Hellespont, and settled in the region which afterwards was called Phrygia.
The Teucrians
Teucer 2, son of the river god Scamander 1 and the nymph Idaea 1, was then king of that country, and the people were called Teucrians after him. King Teucer 2 welcomed the foreigner, and gave him his daughter Batia 1 as wife, and along with her, a share of his land. Those who are interested in proving that the Trojans were Greeks affirm that Teucer 2 had himself emigrated from Attica, and that the reason why he received Dardanus 1 with generous hospitality is that he was glad to see arrive new Greek colonists to this land which had but a small native population, and that he believed Dardanus 1 would assist him in his wars against the barbarians.
Dardania
Dardanus 1 founded a city in the region that later was called the Troad, and lived there with his family until the death of his father-in-law, upon which he became king of the whole land and called it Dardania after himself.
Family of Dardanus 1
According to some, Batia 1 was Dardanus 1's second wife, whom he married after the death of his first wife Chryse 3. His sons by her were Idaeus 4 and Deimas. The latter stayed in Arcadia, whence they come (as it is said that Atlas was king of Arcadia), but Idaeus 4 emigrated with Dardanus 1, first to Samothrace, and later to Phrygia, where Mount Ida was called after him
Erichthonius 1 and Tros 1 When Dardanus 1 died, his son Erichthonius 1 became king of the Dardanians and the richest of men, as he inherited both the kingdom of his father, and that of his maternal grandfather. Erichthonius 1 married Astyoche 3 (daughter of the river god Simois), or as others say, Callirrhoe 3, a sister of Teucer 2. By one of them he had a son Tros 1, who after coming to the throne, called the people Trojans, and the land Troad after himself. According to some, it was Tros 1 who married Callirrhoe 3, but some assert that he married Acallaris, daughter of Eumedes 6.
Ilus 2
The founder of Troy Ilus 2, son of Tros 1, founded the city of Ilium (Troy) that he called after himself. Ilus 2 went to Phrygia, and taking part in games that at the time were held by the king, he won a victory in wrestling. As a prize, he received fifty youths and as many maidens, and the king, obeying an oracle, gave him also a cow, and asked him to found a city wherever the cow should lie down. The cow rested in the hill of Ate, and in that spot Ilus 2 built the city which he called Ilium. Then he prayed to Zeus that a sign might be shown to him, and he saw the Palladium fallen from heaven and lying before his tent. Ilus 2 was then blinded, for the Palladium might not be looked upon by any man. But later, when he had made offerings to the goddess, he recovered his sight.
Division of the kingdom
In this way, the kingdom of Dardanus 1 and Erichthonius 1 was divided, because while Ilus 2 became king of Ilium (Troy), his brother Assaracus continued to be king of the Dardanians.
Tricky Laomedon 1 According to some, Ilus 2's wife was Eurydice 6, and according to others Leucippe 5. By either of them Ilus 2 had a son Laomedon 1, who became king of Troy after him.
First war against Troy
When Laomedon 1 was king of Troy, Apollo and Poseidon decided to put him to the test. Assuming the likeness of mortal men, the two gods undertook to fortify Troy for wages. But when the work was done, King Laomedon 1 would not pay their wages. So Apollo sent a pestilence, and Poseidon sent a sea-monster that snatched away the people of the plain. The oracles foretold deliverance from these calamities if Laomedon 1 would expose his daughter Hesione 2 to be devoured by the sea-monster. So he, more obedient of this oracle than of his agreement with the gods, exposed Hesione 2 to the monster by fastening her to the rocks near the sea. When Heracles 1 saw her exposed, he promised to save her on condition of receiving from Laomedon 1 the mares which Zeus had given in compensation for the rape of Ganymedes. Once again Laomedon 1 promised to pay for the service, and Heracles 1 killed the monster and saved Hesione 2. But when this was accomplished, Laomedon 1 would not give the agreed reward.
How do we know whether Troy is mentioned in the Hittite texts?
As Troy is an important regional centre, located at the edge of the Hittite Empire, it seemed likely that there would be references to Troy in the Hittite archives. Wilusa, referred to in the Hittite tablets as the name of a kingdom in western Anatolia, was the ancient Anatolian name for Troy. However, the tablets themselves give no clear indication of where Wilusa was situated geographically and so the connection could not be proved.
However in recent years a series of breakthroughs and inspired detective work have enabled scholars to establish the Hittite geography and the location of Wilusa.
Seven years ago Professor David Hawkins of the School of Oriental and African Studies in London made an important breakthrough. In the Karabel pass which takes the road from Ephesus to Sardis over the Imolus range, not far from the modern Turkish city of Izmir, there's an ancient sculpture of an armed human figure cut into the rock.
However, no one knew what it meant, because until Hawkins' breakthrough, no-one had been able to decipher the inscription associated with the sculpture. Hawkins' translation identified the human figure as the king of a powerful western country called Mira.
The sculpture probably marked Mira's northern frontier with another kingdom called the Seha River Land. We now know that this kingdom extended north from the Karabel pass towards the northwest corner of Anatolia. When taken in conjunction with a letter, this new information helped scholars to locate the kingdom of Wilusa.
The letter was written by a king of the Seha River Land called Manapa-Tarhunda to his Hittite overlord. It describes how a notorious local trouble maker called Piyamaradu has attacked Wilusa. The Hittite king orders Manapa-Tarhunda to drive Piyamaradu out, but he fails dismally and the Hittites send out an expeditionary force to do the job themselves. Before reaching Wilusa, the Hittite force arrives first in the Seha River Land and from there march directly into Wilusa.
This leads to the inescapable conclusion that there is only one possible location for Wilusa - in the far Northwest corner of Turkey, the precise location of the site of Troy. It seems likely that Wilusa and Troy are one and the same.
Are the Greeks mentioned in the Hittite texts?
As well as a number of kingdoms that can be placed in Western Anatolia, the texts also make reference to the land of Ahhiyawa. Professor David Hawkins says that Ahhiyawa is associated with boats, islands and phrases like across the sea. The geography of western Anatolia as now established leaves no space on the Turkish mainland for the great kingdom of Ahhiyawa. Scholars have therefore suggested that Ahhiyawa is the Hittite name for Mycenaean Greece.
What can the Hittite texts and archaeology tell us about Troy and the story of the Trojan War?
In general the texts suggest that certain Mycenean kings and their allies became politically and militarily involved on the Western Anatolian coast during the Late Bronze Age. Moreover, there are six references to Wilusa in the Hittite texts a number of which suggest conflict over the site. In particular, a letter attributed to the Hittite King Hattusilli III, dated to around 1250 BC and written to the Mycenean or Ahhiyawan King, refers to former hostilities between the Hittites and the Ahhiyawans over Wilusa, which have now been discontinued in favour of peace.
"Now as we have come to an agreement on Wilusa over which we went to war" Tawagalawa Letter, c1250 BC
This text, says Bryce, gives us a firm contemporary, historical reference for a war involving Mycenaean Greeks, Trojans and Hittites.
However, Prof. Hawkins urges caution. Although excavations at Troy have revealed three destruction horizons at around 1300, 1200 and 1100BC, it is not easy to identify these with any known historical events mentioned in the Hittite texts.
While it is difficult to identify any specific event in either the archaeological record or the Hittite archives that corresponds directly to Homer's Trojan War, we may now be closer than ever to establishing a historical context behind Homer's epic tale.
Are the Illyrians mentioned in the Hittite texts?
Homeric songs describe innumerous Balkan tribes who defended Wilusa (Ilios) from Ahhiyawa (Achaeans). Therefore Illyrians might have been named not according to their ethic makeup or linguistic background but according to the side they took in the Trojan War. The name Illyrus derived from Illyssus since in Greek and Latin languages -s- > -r- is a common phonetic mutation. Hence the name Illyrus (Wilusa) could mean the founder of Ilios. Various Greek gods in Iliad can be explained through the inherited Indo European words of Albanian (Illyrian) language. Therefore Greeks translated Iliad from Illyrian sources while Illyrians must copied their texts from the Hittites.
The most interesting discovery of the comparative etymology is the origin of Troy. Troy was built by Dardanus. According to Greeks Dardanus was the son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace (meaning 'the only Thrace') to Troas in a raft made of hides. He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy).
Actually the name Dardanus derived from the Illyrian tribe called Dardanians. But who were Illyrians? What was their language like? Illyrians were those blue-eyed, fair-haired Aryans who entered India and named the land they discovered as the land of the Dardania.
Dards, Dardistan, and Dardic
Greek and Roman References
In a well-known and much repeated story, Herodotus (4th century B.C.) mentions a war-like people on the frontier of India, near to whom are found gold-digging ants. Herodotus provides the name Dadikai for one of the groups living on India's frontier, which was then the seventh satrapy of the Achaemenian empire. Writing much later, Strabo (64 B.C. to A.D. 23) and Pliny (A.D. 23 to A.D. 79) repeat Herodotus' story and name the war-like people Dardae. Alexander, whose travels provide much of the data for classical geography of India, apparently did not meet any Dard people, but he did go to a place called Daedala. Curtius reports Alexander fought against people called Assakenoi in Daedala. Tucci assumes the Assakenoi were a Scythican tribe whose name derives from the word for horse (Tucci 1977:29). Herodotus' Dadikai may be the Persian name for the darada given in the Puranic lists, which Strabo and Pliny applied to the war-like people whom they equated with Curtius' Assakenoi. Hence, Herodutus' original citation appears to have been derived from Puranic sources. Finally, Ptolemy gives us a map that shows the Indus River arising in the country of the daradrai (map in McCrindle 1885), a term that appears to be received from Sanskrit epic and Puranic sources.
Sanskrit Epic and Puranic References
These Sanskrit references to Daradas, although they cannot be assigned any historicity, indicate that the Darada were known to those familiar with such texts. Singh cites references in the Vayu, Brahmanda, Markandeya, Vamana, and Padma Puranas (Singh 1972). Daradas are also mentioned in the Brhatsamhita, and in Manu, where they are classified pejoratively as Mlecchas. Mahabharata refers to them as degraded Kshatriyas (XII 35, 17-8 in Singh 1972). Rather than a specific people, the term Dard may have been used to characterize a fierce people, residing in the northwest, outside the boundaries of civilization. Their land is near to the "Strirajaya", the Country of Women. These fantastic and vaguely defined regions and the people who lived in them belong as much to the mythic landscape of ancient India as to the historiographic. David White, in discussing the European, Chinese, and Indian traditions regarding these people, points out that "they are a negativity, a blank space on the fringes of the conceptual map of these traditions' self-centered universes" (White 1991:117).
Epigraphic References
Three inscriptions on rocks along the Indus and Gilgit Rivers in the southern reaches of the Karakoram provide the earliest epigraphic references to Dard kings. One is found on rocks where the present-day road between Gilgit and Skardu crosses the Gilgit River, over a bridge known as the Alam bridge, now called the Farhad bridge. The inscription is in poor Kharosthi, and Fussman has read "daradaraya", meaning "King of the Dards" (Fussman 1978:1-6). The second inscription is found at Chilas Terrace, near to Chilas village along the Indus River, south of the junction of the Gilgit River and the Indus River. It has been discussed by Dani (1983) and more recently by Hinuber (1989). It is in Brahmi script. Hinuber publishes a transliteration srir daranmaharajavaisrava, which he interprets as daran-maharaja "great king of the Dards" (1989:57-8). A third inscription is immediately below the Thalpan bridge over the Indus River on the Thalpan side of the bridge. It is also in Brahmi script. Hinuber publishes a transliteration of daratsu maharaja sri vaisravanasena ssatrudamanah, which he translates as "The glorious Vaisravanasena, the subduer of enemies, great King in the land of the Dards" (1989:59). Hinuber interprets these Brahmi inscriptions as referring to the same king Vaiaravanasena, and dates them to the 4th or 5th centuries A.D. He remarks that this king "is the second oldest king of the Dards known by name, preceded only by the daradaraya mentioned at Alam bridge in a Kharosthi inscription" (1989:59). These inscriptions appear to be the only known self-reference to a Dard people.
The origin of the name Dardanus
Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē-
Meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)
German meaning: `schinden, die Haut abziehen, abspalten, spalten'
Comments:
Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin (*the tree)' derived from Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū- : `tree'
Material: Old Indian dar- `break, make crack, split, burst ', present the light basis dárṣ̌i, adar, dárt, n-present the heavy basis dr̥ṇā́ti ` bursts, cracks', Opt. dr̥ṇīyā́t, Perf. dadā́ra, participle dr̥ṭa-, of the heavy basis dīrṇá-, Kaus. dā̆rayati, Intens. dardirat, dárdarti (compare av. darǝdar- `split'; čech. drdám, drdati `pluck, pick off, remove'), dardarīti `split up', dara-ḥ m., darī f. `hole in the earth, cave' (: gr. δορός `hose', lett. nuõdaras `dross of bast', ksl. razdorъ), dŕ̥ṭi-ḥ m. `bag, hose' (= gr. δάρσις, got. gataúrÞs, russ. dertь), darmán- m. ` smasher ' (: gr. δέρμα n.), next to which from the heavy basis dárīman- `destruction'; -dāri- `splitting' (= gr. δῆρις), dāra- m. `crack, col, gap, hole', dāraka- `ripping, splitting', darī- in dardarī-ti, darī-man- with ī for i = ǝ (compare Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. 1 20), barely after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; npers. Inf. dirīδan, darīδan, jüd.-pers. darīn-išn;
Maybe alb. (*dāras) dërrasë `board, plank (cut wood)', dërrmonj `destroy, break, exhaust, tire'.
Dardani illyr. TN
Note:
The name Dardani illyr. TN and [Latin transcription: Dōrieĩs] Greek: Δωριει̃ς, att. -ιη̃ς derive from the same root.
DARA
DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. § 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian (Peripl. p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of Nearchus, vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.
2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]
3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]
DARADAE
DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the central part, in Darfour (Daradôn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 35), the other in the W., on the river DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]
DARADAX
DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. § 10). It has been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the river was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which were destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. l. c.) [G.W.]
DARADUS
DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados ê Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. § 6), a river of Africa, falling into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin. v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d'Ouro. [P. S.]
DARAE
DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S. steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]
DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]
DARANTASIA
DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.
DARAPSA
DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]
DARDAE
DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]
DARDANI
DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, and extending also over a part of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. § 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29; Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]
Dardani were a fierce fighting people recorded in the Egyptian annals as a separate group of the Sea People who came from that Illyrian part called Dardania. In Greece the Dardani people were called simply Doris, as the name dar-dar is a duplication of the name dar- 'tree, cut a tree'. Celtic people called the priestly class as Druids. So the name Dardani was part of the priestly caste among early Indo Europeans. After the migration of the Sea People to Asia Minor, the Hittite Empire seized to exist, hence the Hittite name Willussa (from Hattussa) became Troad from Darda, Dardic, Doris of Illyrian Greek origin. This is the reason why Troy had an older name Wilusa, and a new name Troad. Dor-is, Dar-dar people were the ruling Celtic caste of Indo Europeans who invaded Mycenae and plunged Greece into the Dark Ages. Illyria must have suffered a similar fate as Mycenae and Hattusa. So Illyrian Dardanians received their name Illyroi in Greek meaning 'the conquerors of Wilusa'.
Aeneas
At the fall of Troy, Aeneas left the city in flames, and after wandering in the Mediterranean sea, came to Italy and founded the state that later became Rome.
Birth and Childhood
Aeneas was born from the union of a mortal, Anchises 1, and a goddess, Aphrodite. Some say that it was Zeus himself who aroused in Aphrodite the desire to be joined with a mortal man, so to prevent her to say mockingly that she had joined all the gods with mortals. Aphrodite came to Anchises 1 in the form of a beautiful maiden, saying she was a mortal woman and the daughter of one Otreus. She explained to the incredulous Anchises 1 that she talked his language because she had been brought up by a Trojan nurse. Anchises 1 was taken by desire, but after they had made love, Aphrodite revealed her true identity and Anchises 1 feared the gods would destroy him for having slept with a goddess. But Aphrodite, who herself grieved for having laid in the bed of a mortal man, assured him that he was dear to the gods and nothing would happen to him, provided he would say their child was the offspring of a nymph, for Aphrodite disposed that the NYMPHS would rear Aeneas and that, as soon as he was a boy, he would be restored to his father.
What happened to his father
According to some, Anchises 1, having drunk much wine, told his friends that he was the lover of the goddess, and for this reason he was struck by Zeus’ thunderbolt. Others say, however, that he killed himself, and till others assert that the thunderbolt just crippled him.
Leader of the Dardanians
When the Trojan War had lasted nine years, many allies came to help the besieged Trojans. Among them came Aeneas, who some time before had been driven from Mount Ida by Achilles, as Leader of the Dardanians.
Wounded in battle by Diomedes 2
During the Trojan War, Aeneas was wounded by Diomedes 2 and, having fainted, would have died if his mother had not come to his rescue. Aphrodite herself was wounded by Diomedes 2 on this occasion, but Apollo took over the protection of the wounded Aeneas, removing him from the battle to the citadel of Pergamus where his temple stood. In the sanctuary, Leto and Artemis healed Aeneas and made him even stronger. But for those fighting, Apollo fashioned a phantom of Aeneas, so that Achaeans and Trojans killed each other round it, until the real Aeneas, having recovered, returned to the field.
Poseidon’s Prophecy
In another occasion, at a time when the gods had become more involved in the fighting, Apollo urged Aeneas to challenge Achilles and to fight with him in single combat. Aeneas was very close to die, but Poseidon rescued him, explaining to the other gods:
“Even Zeus might be angry if Achilles killed Aeneas, who after all is destined to survive and to save the House of Dardanus from extinction ... Priam’s line has fallen out of favour with Zeus, and now Aeneas shall be King of Troy and shall be followed by his children’s children in the time to come.” [Poseidon to the gods. Homer, Iliad 20.300]
What Achilles knows about the Trojan royal families This way of speaking would have pleased Aeneas himself, as he had a grudge against King Priam 1 for not giving him his due. Aeneas and Priam 1 represent two royal lines with different interests, as Achilles reminded Aeneas when the latter was eager to fight against him:
“Do you propose to fight me in the hope of stepping into Priam’s shoes and becoming King of the Trojans? Your killing me will not make Priam abdicate for you. He has sons of his own ...” [Achilles to Aeneas. Homer, Iliad 20.180]
Alleged fates of Aeneas after the war
Some say that when the Trojan War was over, Aeneas was given as a prize to Neoptolemus, who had also received Andromache, wife of Hector 1. Others tell that when the Trojans debated what they ought to do with the WOODEN HORSE, there were three opinions: some wanted to hurl the WOODEN HORSE down from the rocks, others wished to burn it, and still others were for dedicating it to Athena. This third opinion prevailed, and the Trojans, believing the war was over, turned to feasting. It was then that the two serpents appeared, which destroyed the seer Laocoon 2 and his sons after he had warned his fellow citizens:
“Is it thus you know Odysseus? Trojans, trust not the horse. Whatever it be, I fear the Greeks, even when bringing gifts.” [Laocoon 2 to the Trojans. Aeneid 2.48]
What happened to Laocoon 2 alarmed Aeneas and his followers in such a way that they withdrew to Mount Ida and were not at Troy when the city was sacked.
Aeneas’ piety
However, others say that Aeneas was indeed at Troy when the city was burned down and that he, carrying his aged father on his back, was allowed by the Achaeans, on account of his piety, to leave the town. Aeneas took also his son Ascanius 2 (later called Iulus 1), and his household gods [the PENATES, see Other Deities], but his wife Creusa 2 became separated from him. Some affirm that Aeneas also took the Palladium with him, bringing it to Italy; but others say otherwise.
Aeneas, in a remembered gesture of piety, carries his father out of Troy
Aeneas & The Fall of Troy
Still others affirm that when the Achaeans came into the city, Aeneas occupied the citadel of Troy, which was fortified with its own wall, and there resisted the enemy who attacked the acropolis. This resistance, they say, allowed many Trojans to save their lives or escape slavery. Having in this way prevented the enemy from taking the whole city by storm, the flower of the army was saved, many lives rescued, and many of the city treasures preserved. The city was anyway lost, but Aeneas had the time to send out from Troy the women, the aged, and the children, putting them in the roads to Mount Ida, together with an escort instructed to take possession of the strongest parts of the mountain. In the meantime, the Achaeans, being busy trying to capture the citadel, gave no thought to the multitude who was leaving the city. Aeneas himself, with the other part of the army, defended the citadel until Neoptolemus gained a foothold in part of the acropolis. Then Aeneas opened the gates and retired, as they say, in good order, carrying with him his family, his household gods, and whatever he considered a treasure, either person or thing.
A Traitor?
Some have said that Aeneas betrayed the city of Troy, and that because of this service the Achaeans allowed him and his family to safely leave the city. Aeneas, they say, had been excluded from his prerrogatives by King Priam 1 and his son Paris, who could be thought to succeed his father after the death of Hector 1. So he overthrew the king, and negotiated with the enemy.
Exile
After leaving Troy, Aeneas came to Mount Ida, where he was joined by inhabitants and troops who had left Dardanus and other cities, after seeing at the distance the great fire rising from Troy. All these hoped to return home when the enemy had sailed away. But the Achaeans, having taken the city and demolished all surrounding forts, were determined to subdue all refugees in the neighbouring territories. Perceiving the danger that threatened them, the Trojans in Mount Ida sent heralds to the Achaeans and an agreement was reached, which allowed Aeneas, as well as his people and valuables, to leave the Troad, after fisrt delivering up all fortifications to the Achaeans. So at the foot of the mountain, Aeneas and his followers built a fleet of twenty ships with which they sailed in the first days of summer.
His son stays
But his son Ascanius 2, they say, came to Dascylium on the Propontis, in Phrygia, since he was invited by its citizens to rule over them. It is also told that Ascanius 2 remained there only until Astyanax 2, the son of Hector 1, was permitted by Neoptolemus to return home from Hellas and rule his country. For, according to this account, little Astyanax 2 was not murdered by the Achaeans during the sack of Troy, but taken prisoner by Neoptolemus.
End of Anchises 1
As for Anchises 1, some say that when Aeneas was in his way to Sicily, he came first to Laconia, founding the cities Aphrodisias and Etis, and that his father died there, being buried by Aeneas at the foot of the mountain called Anchisia after Anchises. However, others say that old Anchises 1 died when they sailed past Lilybaeum, Sicily’s western promontory.
“Yet if you could live on such as now you are in look and in form, and be called my husband, sorrow would no then enfold my heart. But as it is, harsh old age will soon enshroud you, ruthless, wearying and deadly age which stands some day at the side of every man.” [Aphrodite to Anchises 1 when they first met at Mount Ida. Hymn to Aphrodite 245]
Synopsis of Aeneas wanderings: Aeneas built his fleet in Antandrus. He sailed first to Thrace where he met Polydorus 3’s ghost. Then, after having been received in Delos by King Anius, he attempted to settle in Crete but failed. Later, after having stopped in the Strophades Islands and Zacynthos and having sailed past Ithaca, Aeneas came to Buthrotum in Epirus. Thence he crossed to Italy skirting the waters of Tarentum, Lacinium and the Sicilian coast. On his first arrival to Drepanum, Aeneas lost his father. Thence he sailed to Carthage where he met Queen Dido. After having been amorously involved with the queen, Aeneas returned to Drepanum, and thence he crossed to Italy. In Cumae he descended to the Underworld, ending soon after his trip in the harbour of Caieta.
First part of Aeneas’ wanderings In Thrace, where he came first, he received a warning from the ghost of Polydorus 3 (Priam 1’s son), whom King Polymestor 1 of the Bistonians had treacherously murdered [see also Priam 1 and Hecabe 1]:
“Get away from this cruel land, from these hard-fisted shores.” [Ghost of Polydorus 3 to Aeneas. Virgil, Aeneid 3.44]
Next, they were received by Anius, king of Delos, where at the temple of Apollo he received instructions which he believed to mean that he ought to sail to Crete. However, famine and sickness waited for them in Crete, and when they left the island, the home-gods of Aeneas appeared to him and told him to sail to Italy, but having reached the Strophades Islands, they were plundered by the HARPIES.
In the island of Zacynthus, they were received in a friendly manner. The island is called after Zacynthus, son of Dardanus 1 and Batia 1, and brother of Erichthonius 1, an ancestor of Aeneas.
Later they arrived to Buthrotum in Epirus, where Priam 1’s son Helenus 1, having married Andromache (first wife of Hector 1 and, after the Trojan War, concubine of Neoptolemus until the latter’s death) reigned. Helenus 1 gave Aeneas further directions who allowed him to reach Drepanum in Sicily. Some say, however, that Aeneas marched two days from Buthrotum to Dodona, in order to consult the oracle, and that it was in Dodona that he met Helenus 1.
Fails to reach Italy
Thence they intended to sail to Italy, but a storm sent by Hera, who had not forgotten the outrage she suffered at Mount Ida on the occasion of the Judgement of Paris, carried them to Libya, where there was a city Carthage, ruled by Queen Dido.
Queen Dido’s story before Aeneas
Dido, daughter of Belus 2, an Assyrian, was a Phoenician who had left Tyre and founded Carthage. In Tyre she had been married to Sychaeus, a man of great status among the Phoenicians. Sychaeus, however, was murdered by Dido’s brother Pygmalion 2, who was a great lover of gold and a man of power. Dido learned about what had happened when her husband’s ghost appeared to her, disclosed the crime, and urged her to flee the country. She then organised her friends for escape, and having come to Libya, she purchased land, a site that was called “Bull’s Hide” after the bargain by which she should get as much territory as she could enclose with a bull’s hide. And in that site she founded Carthage.
Others say, however, that a Moor king called Iarbas, son of Zeus-Ammon, wished to marry Dido, who, being in love with Aenas, rejected him. Iarbas is also said to have given her the country where she founded her kingdom (Carthage). So, after Dido’s death, Iarbas invaded the country and Dido’s sister Anna 1, who had hoped that Dido would marry Aeneas, went into exile, first in Malta and afterwards in Italy, where she met Aeneas.
Extraordinary paintings in Carthage
After his father’s death at Drepanum in Sicily, Aeneas arrived to the prospering Carthage, where he discovered a series of frescoes depicting the Trojan War. In them, Agamemnon and Menelaus, Priam 1 and Achilles could be seen. He also recognised in the paintings the tents of Rhesus 2, who came from Thrace to fight at Troy and died the day after his arrival, killed by Odysseus and Diomedes 2.
Dido & Aeneas
Queen Dido received the Trojans with hospitality, and fell in love with Aeneas. He, in turn, started to forget that he was meant to sail to Italy. But as he was superintending public works, Hermes, sent by Zeus, came to him, amd reproached him:
“So now you are laying foundations for Carthage, building a beautiful city to please a woman, lost to the interests of your own realm?” [Hermes to Aeneas. Aeneid 4.265]
Aeneas then, remembering his own destiny, decided to leave Dido and Carthage:
“In Italy lies my heart, my homeland. You, a Phoenician, are held by these Carthaginian towers, by the charm of your Libyan city.” [Aeneas to Dido. Aeneid 4.345]
But as Dido would not accept the separation, Aeneas proclaimed:
“No more reproaches ... they only torture us both. God’s will, not mine, says ‘Italy’” [Aeneas to Dido. Aeneid 4.360]
Dido, who felt she had rescued Aeneas’ lost fleet, saved his friends from death, taken a pauper and a castaway and shared her kingdom with him, could not see in Aeneas’ decision more than betrayal and ingratitude. So on Aeneas’ departure, Dido cast herself upon Aeneas’ sword on a pyre, and that is why upon her tomb it was written:
“Aeneas caused her death and lent the blade, Dido by her own hand in dust was laid.” [Ovid, Heroides 8]
Aeneas descends to Hades
After landing once more in Sicily, Aeneas’ fleet came to Cumae where Aeneas, led by the Sibyl, descended to the Underworld. There he met his father, and also Dido, who reunited with her Tyrian husband, refused to talk to him. Some of those whom Aeneas met in the Underworld belong to the past, but others belong to the future, as those from the future lineage of Alba Longa [see also AENEAS IN HADES], and his own son Silvius, who had not yet been born.
End of journey
Next Aeneas came to Latium, a land ruled by King Latinus 1 (son of Faunus 1, son of Picus, son of Cronos), whose daughter Lavinia 2, King Turnus of the Rutulians wished to marry. Turnus was son of King Daunus of Apulia, the same who gave his daughter and lands to Diomedes 2, when the latter landed in Italy after the Trojan War. Latinus 1, however, preferred to give his daughter to Aeneas, as he had learned from an oracle that she was supposed to marry a foreigner. But his wife Amata encouraged Turnus, and because of the intrigue that ensued, a significant war broke out with many allies on both sides.This war only ended when, in single combat, Aeneas killed Turnus. After the war, he married Lavinia 2, and their son Silvius became the founder of Alba Longa.
Death The circumstances of Aeneas’ death are uncertain. Some affirm that Aeneas disappeared during a battle against the army of Mezentius (an ally of his enemy Turnus), but others say that he died in Thrace without ever reaching Italy, or that he, after having settled his people in Italy, returned home and became king of Troy, leaving the kingdom, after his death, to his son Ascanius 2.
It is also told that Aphrodite asked Zeus to make Aeneas immortal, and as Zeus granted her request, the river god Numicius washed away all of Aeneas’ mortal part, and Aphrodite anointed him with Nectar and Ambrosia, making him a god, whom the people later worshipped under the name of Indiges.
Aphrodite receives Aeneas in Olympus
Throne succession after Aeneas
Kings of Alba Notes
Ascanius 2 Son of Aeneas and King of Latium after his father. He is called founder of Alba on Mount Albanus. Upon his death, in the 38th year of his reign, Silvius, his brother, succeeded to the rule.
DH.1.65.1, 1.66.1, 1.70.1-3, 1.72.6; Ov.Met.14.610; Pau.10.26.2; Plu.Rom.2.1; Strab.5.3.2; Vir.Aen.2.675.
Silvius Succeeded Ascanius 2 on the throne of the Alban and Latin state. Son of Aeneas and Lavinia 2. He was father of Latinus 2 and of Silvius Aeneas.
DH.1.70.1-2, 1.71.1; Ov.Fast.4.43; Ov.Met.14.610; Vir.Aen.6.763.
Silvius Aeneas or Latinus 2 Both called sons of Silvius. Latinus 2 is father of Alba.
Silvius Aeneas: DH.1.71.1; Vir.Aen.6.769. Latinus 2: Dio.7.5.10; Ov.Fast.4.43; Ov.Met.14.611.
Alba Son of Latinus 2. Alba or Alba Silvius succeeded Latinus 2 on the throne and himself, some say, was succeeded by Epytus 2.
Dio.7.5.10; Ov.Fast.4.44; Ov.Met.14.612.
Capetus 4 DH.1.71.1.
Capys 2 Son of Epytus 2 and father of Capetus 2.
Dio.7.5.10; Ov.Fast.4.44; Ov.Met.14.612; Vir.Aen.6.768.
Capetus 2 Succeeded his father Capys 2 in the throne of Alba and Latium, and himself was succeeded by his son Tiberinus 2.
Ov.Fast.4.46; Ov.Met.14.612.
Tiberinus 2 This Tiberinus 2, also called Tiberius Silvius, drowned in the river Tiber, which was named after him. He undertook a campaign against the Etruscans, but while leading his army across the Alba river, he fell into the flood and met his death. He was father of Remulus 1 and Acrota, or else of Agrippa.
Dio.7.5.10; Ov.Fast.4.47, 4.49; Ov.Met.14.614.
Agrippa or Acrota Both called sons of Tiberinus 2.
Agrippa (but some say Acrota) became king of Alba after his father [see also Acrota]. Some say he was succeeded by Allodius. Agrippa had a son Remulus 1.
DH.1.71.2; Dio.7.5.10. Ov.Fast.4.49.
Aventinus 2 Received the throne of Alba and Latium from Acrota. From him the place, and also the hill, took their name.
Dio.7.5.12; Ov.Fast.4.51; Ov.Met.14.619.
Proca Proca Silvius. King of Alba and Latium, over the Palatine race. Succeeded his father Aventinus 2. At his death, his younger son Amulius seized the kingship by violence. His other son was Numitor 2.
Dio.7.5.12; Ov.Fast.4.52; Ov.Met.14.622; Vir.Aen.6.767.
Amulius Governed after Proca by the force of arms. He vanquished his brother Numitor 2, and robbed him of power. He is said to have divided the whole inheritance into two parts, setting the treasures and the gold which had been brought from Troy over against the kingdom, and Numitor 2 chose the kingdom. Amulius, then in possession of the treasure, and made more powerful by it than Numitor 2, easily took the kingdom away from his brother. He ordered the twins, sons of his niece Ilia, to be sunk in the river. He is also said to have deflowered Ilia himself. He was finally killed by Romulus, who restored the kingdom to his grandfather.
DH.1.77.1, 1.71.5; Dio.7.5.12; Ov.Fast.3.49, 3.67; Ov.Met.14.772; Plu.Rom.3.2, 3.3, 4.2, 8.6.
Numitor 2 Son of Proca, brother of Amulius and grandfather of Romulus and Remus 1, the founders of Rome. When he died in Alba, the throne devolved upon Romulus. He was father of Ilia, Lausus 2, Aegestus 2, and Aenitus.
DH.1.76.2; Dio.7.5.12; Ov.Fast.4.53, 4.55; Ov.Met.14.773; Plu.PS.36; Plu.Rom.27.1; Vir.Aen.6.768.
Romulus
Romulus is of uncertain parentage; he has been called son of Ares, son of Latinus 1, son of a Phantom, son of Amulius and son of Aeneas. He was, along with his twin brother Remus 1, suckled by a she-wolf. Romulus founded Rome, and gave his name to the entire nation. As he saw twelve birds flying in the sky and his brother only six, Romulus was accorded the government of the city.
Family
Parentage
Anchises 1 & Aphrodite
Anchises 1 was a member of the royal house of Dardania, which is a region neighbouring Troy. Anchises 1’s father was King Capys 1 of Dardania, who recommended throwing the WOODEN HORSE into the sea. Capys 1 is son of Assaracus, son of Tros 1. This Tros 1 called the people of the land Trojans, after his own name. His father was Erichthonius 1, also king of the Dardanians; Erichthonius 1 became rich and powerful, as he inherited both the kingdom of his father and that of his maternal grandfather. This is so because his father was Dardanus 1 after whom the whole country was named, and his mother was Batia 1, daughter of Teucer 2, the eponym of the Teucrians who gave a share of his land to Dardanus 1. Teucer 2 was a son of the river god Scamander 1, and Dardanus 1 is son of Zeus and Electra 3, one of the PLEIADES, daughters of Atlas.
Mates Offspring Notes
a) Creusa 2
b) Eurydice 10 Ascanius 2
Etias [”a)” and “b)” = different versions]
Creusa 2, daughter of Priam 1 and Hecabe 1, was left behind when Aeneas abandoned Troy.
Eurydice 10 is otherwise unknown.
For Ascanius 2, see Throne Succession above.
According to some, Aeneas named the city of Etis in Laconia after his daughter Etias.
Dido
Lavinia 2 Silvius
Aemilia For Silvius, see Throne Succession above.
Aemilia is sometimes called mother of Romulus by Ares.
Roma 2 --- & Roma 2 is said to have given her name to the city of Rome, but see also Roma 1, Roma 3, Romanus, Romus, and Romis.
Dexithea 2
Romulus
Dexithea 2 was daughter of Phorbas 9.
Codone 2 Aeneas’ Daughter 1. Aeneas’ Daughter 1 is said to have been left by Aeneas in Nesos (Arcadia) after the Trojan War [see also Aeneas’ Daughter 2 and Etias].
Anthemone. Aeneas’ Daughter 2 Aeneas’ Daughter 2 is said to have been left by Aeneas in Nesos (Arcadia) after the Trojan War [see also Aeneas’ Daughter 1 and Etias].
unknown Euryleon 2
Romus Euryleon 2 is otherwise unknown.
Romus is said to have given her name to the city of Rome, but see also Roma 1, Roma 3, Romanus, Roma 2, and Romis.
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