ARBERIAONLINE

Picasso` wrote:Emra, mbiemra, artefakte, dinasti, cilesi kulturore, materijale, mitologji, etj.

Per shqiptaret ne Maqedoni.

Of the races which inhabit Macedonia to-day only the Albanians have any claim to be autochthonous. Their southern branch, the Tosks, are most likely the lineal
descendants of the ancient Epirotes. Their northern branch, the Ghegs, are probably the people whom the ancients called Illyrians. Of the ancient Macedonians whose original seat lay between Monastir and Vodena, no heirs remain, unless indeed any remnants of them escaped civilisation and became confounded with the kindred Albanians.

..Arnauts, or Albanians, as lineal descendants of the Illyrians and Macedonians
(~Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland‎ - Page 232, 1879)

Territori i Lepenacit, me përjashtim të rajonit të burimit të tij dhe të grykëderdhjes së tij, banohet vetëm nga shqiptarë andaj edhe ky bashkë me Karadakun dhe grykën e Moravës së sipërme, midis Gilanit e Vranjës, që banohet vetëm nga shqiptarët përbën një linjë lidhëse të dytë thjeshtë shqiptare midis Dardanisë dhe mëmëdheut.
Përgjithsësisht ne gjetëm se elementi shqiptar jo vetëm që e kalon malin Sharr (Skardus), sepse Tetova, pellgu i burimit të Vardarit është një qark i përzier shqiptaro-bullgar, por që arrin deri në grykën e parë të Vardarit, në jug të Shkupit deri në bregun e djathtë të këtij lumi. Siç duket, bullgarët banojnë vetëm jashtë trekëndëshit të formuar nga Vardari, Treska dhe vargu i Goleshnicës, kurse brenda kësaj bërthame jetojnë vetëm shqiptarë...
shqiptarët në lindje të Sharrit (Skardus) janë mbeturina të banorëve të stërlashtë të shtyrë në male nga bullgarët.
(*J.G.Fon Han Udhëtim nga Beogradi në Selanik në AUTOKTONIA E SHQIPTARËVE NË STUDIMET GJERMANE, Rilindja Prishtinë 1990, 114-115)

"The Albanians or Arnauts, who are now called by themselves Skiptars, are supposed to be remains of the great Thracian race which, under various names, and more particularly as Paionians, Epirots, and Macedonians, take an important part in early Grecian history."
(~History of Greece under foreign domination~ By George Finlay, 1857, page 406)

ALBPelasgian wrote:Kaq për sonte Picasso!
Do të vazhdoja me të tilla mirëpo koha s'më premton. Besoj që edhe ditëve tjera do të sjell akoma më shume të tilla 'raketa balistike' që shembin përdhe dokrrat idioteske të Akademisë së Shkencave të Banovinës së Vardarit.

P.S: Picasso, nëse i ke ato materialet për ato temat që m'i ke treguar gjatë bisedës online që patëm (për prezencën e shqiptarëve në Maqedoninë Lindore, kishat katolike, toponimet Arbanasi, etj) të lutem sjelli këtu së jam i etur t'i lexoj. Patjetër t'i sjellësh me referenca të sakta, librin, autorin, vitin e botimit, vendin dhe faqen.

Albanians Kratovo st
Boyan Gyuzelev

Development of the Albanian Catholic Column C Kratovo

Sileks is one of the towns in northeastern Macedonia, with a very rich history as a Christian in the medieval period and during Ottoman rule. The Ottoman Turks occupied the city at the end of XIV century, but because of the rich mines protect him from destruction and given a privileged status as the population and the local managers of the mines. Early in 1390 Sultan Bayezid I signed a special law on mines in Kratovo (4). In XV-XVII century the town is not only a center of manufacturing and handicrafts, but also a major cultural, literary and religious center. According to the description of Evliya Çelebi in 1660, Kratovo has 800 houses and 350 shops, employing any guilds. Because the city is mined copper and silver ore, and there were mint. Was very popular production of candlesticks, censers, household
containers, lanterns and other articles of metal (5). Kratovo At some time there was a small colony of Dubrovnik merchants. The XVII century the town was under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate Ipekska. Orthodox Bishops of Kyustendil, not to be subjected to persecution and harassment in the populations of Turkish colonists regional center, often stayed in Kratovo. There they enjoyed the support of wealthy local residents. In a 1659 letter from Bishop Michael Kyustendil is even named "Metropolitan Kratovo" (6).

Between XV and XVIII century Kratovo there is little colony of Albanian Catholic Church and its priests. Albanians with Dubrovnik merchants form a Catholic community, which was subordinate to the middle of XVII century the Archbishop of Bar, and later Catholic Archdiocese of Skopje. For their regular visits to colonies Catholic archbishops in their dioceses have left interesting documents preserved in the archives of the Congregation for the Faith in Rome propaganda.

The formation of the Albanian Catholic colony in Kratovo is undoubtedly related to the development of
the local mines and the settlement of Rudari coming from the Serbian province of Kosovo and elsewhere in southern Serbia. Rudari Some of these were descendants of the Germanic Rudari - Sassi. As a souvenir of their presence in Kratovo Kyustendil and many others are local names associated with the "Sassi".

First names of Kratovo Rudari are documented in the records of Michael dubrovnichanina Lukarevich led by him during the 30-ies of the XV century it described the duties of the principal inhabitants of Novo Brdo and surrounding areas, but there Rudari of other places. Among the debtors Lukarevich Gyurag fall (or Dzhuradzh) Tsukurio - Rudar in Kratovo, Gyurag Dragoshevich - shafar in Kratovo, Nikola and Milos Kratovats Kratovats - Rudari in Bilasitsa. The book marked the names of Gyurag, son of Gjoni Arbanasi - publican (Gurag de Gon Arbanexo chruzmar) and his brother Andrija in Kratovo (7). The latter two brothers are certainly Albanians, but it is clear that among Kratovo Rudari dominated Slavic names. Probably the first settlement of Albanians in Kratovo happened in the early fifteenth century, ie after capture of the city from the Turks. Frequent mention of the book of kratovchani Lukarevich suggests that the ore between centers Kratovo Novo Brdo was no movement of population. Sileks from Kosovo are settled Serbs and Albanians working in local mines. While the Serbs to integrate the local population because of the similarity in language and religion, the Albanians have retained their identity. This is due not so much linguistic differences, as the Catholic faith of the Albanians. Catholics in Kosovo (mainly descendants of Germans and Albanians dubrovnichani) zealously maintained their religion, have had their own churches and priests in all ore centers. During the fifteenth century even more than the Catholic priests in Novo Brdo are Albanians (8).

The presence of Albanians in Kratovo already confirmed by the Ottoman documents from the beginning of XVI century during the registration of the tax in 1519 were recorded residents whose names and Coke Bane Arnaut Arbanassi suggest Albanian origin. In another Ottoman registration effected in 1570, are listed again heads of households, which probably were Albanians. They are Nicholas Arbanasi Arnaut Nikola Arnaut and Bardot, residents of the neighborhood Radic (9).

Towards the middle of XVI century Ottoman tax records indicated the presence of the Albanian Church "(Kilise-i Arnavudan) in Kratovo (10). The existence of this church is also mentioned in the visits to Skopje Catholic archbishops and other envoys century later. The church bearing the name "Assumption", was operational by 1689, when it was destroyed. Description of one made at the beginning of XVIII century, it is clear that the church remained polusrutena (11). The remains of this temple, called by kratovchani Latin Church, are preserved in located in the southwest part of town park Čair neighborhood (12). Kratovo is one of the biggest Balkan ore centers in the Middle Ages. The city and several nearby villages were then assigned to the XV century Sultan hasove form of ransom mukatai devoted, carrying a huge treasury revenue. In Kratovo mines in 1473 were about 1.6 million employed by Jani akche Paleologos of Galata Istipa Blasitsa, Stjepan carrion and Demetrius, the son of Constantine (13). Judging by the name Stepan carcass was an Albanian Catholic, probably one of the elders of Rudari. In the second half of XVI century Kratovo registered 354 palnochlenni Christian households, 54 families of widows and 121 single men hristiyani.Osven them lived in the town of 293 Muslim households, a large part of which novoprieli Islam, 34 Jewish and 16 Gypsy families (14 ).

Notifications Catholics in Kratovo missionaries there and the Papacy in the region, but they are all between the seventeenth-eighteenth century, when Catholic propaganda in the Balkan lands under Ottoman rule was revived. In 1623-1624, the first visit and describes the colony in the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kratovo Bar Pietro Mazareki (Mazreku), which is an Albanian nationality. He noted the presence of 40 Catholic households or 160 people without stopping their ethnicity (15). Mazareki same one sent to Rome abbreviated report dated August 12, 1634 And according to him the Catholics in the kingdom of Serbia ", including except Kosovo and Skopje Sileks were a total of 12 000. In Kratovo they numbered 40 houses and had their own priest. According to him, they spoke Albanian and Slav (di lingua Albanese e Schiavona) (16). In visiting round in 1639 by making new colonies Catholic Archbishop George Bianchi Barski, also an Albanian nationality. From his report we understand that there were 38 houses Kratovo of Catholic C 358 inhabitants. All of them were Albanians, but knew and Slavic. According to Bianchi, they settled here in the field Dibri (Diber) in Upper Albania. The priest was slabogramoten Kolesio Nicholas, had already 60 years and was also an Albanian nationality (17). Receive similar information from another note written three years later. It adds that Catholics were "transferred and welcome" (transferiti e venuti) from the mountains of Albania and all speak Albanian. They numbered 35 houses or 200 (18). The old priest, Nicolas discover it in a list of around 1650 a little later, he probably already has spominal because Ohrid Albanian Catholic archbishop Andrea Bogdan proposes a priest of Don Stefano Kratovo of Sileks, who was highly respected in his native place (19).

During the 1645-1669 war, the Cretan Catholic colony in Kratovo was subjected to religious pressure from the Ottoman authorities and some Catholics to Islam. A report by the Catholic Bishop of Scutari Albanian Peter Bogdan (not to be confused with the Bulgarian Peter Bogdan Bakshev) sent to the Vatican before May 1661, says that Kratovo two years no priest and Catholic houses were reduced to 15. The Turks tried to make even the Catholic church into a mosque. Bogdan and therefore recommends a priest Primo Cola, judging by the name of an Albanian and a probable relative of a former Albanian pop Kolesio Nicola (20).

Explanation of this negative development of the Catholic community in this Macedonian town gives notice in one of Skopje in 1671 a Catholic priest Giovanni Kulinovich. According to him, in Kratovo are only 7 other houses of Catholics by 15 people. "There were others but they are by renegade in 1645," writes Kulinovich. It assesses the state of the church as well, although it lacks some needed church property. This priest came here to serve twice a month, dependent on believers (21). Hostilities between the Ottoman and Austrian troops on the territory of Macedonia in 1688 - in 1689 led to further deterioration of the situation of Catholics in Kratovo. In order from time to burn all, vilayet ayani Kyustendil and leaders of Sandzak, which is Kratovo and stressed that rayah in this part of the empire to rebel. Probably Austrian troops or rebels of Karposh in the late autumn of 1688, were captured Kratovo. At the end of November to help the Turks came Tatarian army and the Austrians otsapvat. Thousands of residents flee to Macedonia and Kosovo with the retreating Austrian army (22). In various reports of Catholic priests from Bulgaria is understood that after the retreat of the Austrian troops and the suppression of the uprising Chiprovtsi Catholics in the Ottoman Empire were subjected to persecution. For example chiprovchanina Stefan Knezevic wrote in oktomvri1688 on to Rome, that the advance of Christian Turks ordered troops to be slaughtered all the Christians in the Roman rite, and churches and monasteries razed to the ground (23). It is known that some Christians in Kratovo him leave in 1689 and together with other families of thousands of Bulgarians and Serbs from northern Kosovo, Macedonia and seek refuge in the territory of the Habsburg Empire. This was Veljko Popovic and "The Bulgarian otchestvom of Earth from Sileks places, which transcribe records and collections in Buda. Another fugitive, also lived among the Serbs in the Buddha, was a priest Gregory. In Serbian nun nunnery resided Anna Xia born in st Kratovo off plan "(24).

Several years after these events, Peter Karadzic in 1692, and priest in Trepcha Vucitrn, notes that in Kratovo had only 80 people Catholics and their priest was killed (25). In 1703 the Catholic Archbishop of Bar Vintsents Zmayevich found only two Catholic houses in which men were converted to Islam, but women still adhere to Catholicism (26). Kriptohristiyanstvoto in Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire began to spread in XVII century and it is precisely among Albanians in large parts of North and some areas of central and southern Albania. Kriptohristiyani were part of Catholics in Skopje Tsurna forest until XIX century (27) kriptohristiyani were probably those of Kratovo renegade who in 1645 adopted Islam. Although completely dropped, the Catholic community in Kratovo be preserved for several decades . Even at the beginning of XVIII century Catholic Archdiocese apparently has tried to obtain permission from the Ottoman authorities to restore the burned church. In a report of May 1706 said Karadzic, now in his capacity as Archbishop of Skopje, wrote to Rome that the Catholic Church in Kratovo is completely destroyed. In another report in August 1719 he noted that the Turks do not allow the ruined church to be restored. According to a census of Catholics in Skopje Archdiocese made by Karadzic in 1726, in Kratovo Catholics were left only 3 houses, a total of 22 people. In the first decades of the eighteenth century, Catholics in Skopje, Skopje Tsurna Kratovo forest and were served by a priest (28). In 1760 the Archbishop of Bar Mattia Mazareki last Kratovo also counted in the three houses of Catholics with 21 inhabitants. They buried their dead along with the Orthodox. Three years later they complained that the Orthodox in the city ohladneli against them (29). Obviously the small Catholic community in Kratovo
ceased to exist during the second half of XVIII century, adopted Islam is integrated among the Turkish people and the few remaining Catholics were rendered in the Orthodox community of the city.



Ref:

1 Филиповић, N. From istorije Novog Brda in drugoj halves XV and XVI vijeka prvoj halves. GIDBiH, 6, 1954, pp 72-73.
2 Dokumente të shekujve XVI-XVII per historinë e Shqiperese. Vell.I, ed. I. Zamputi. Tiranë, 1989, p. 372-373.
3 Vasić, M. Sumarni defter sandžaka Aladža Hisar (Kruševac) iz 1516 godine kao istorijski izvor. POF, 28-29, 1978-1979, p. 335.
4 Beldiceanu, N. Les actes de premiers sultans. Vol.II. Reglements miniers 1390-1512. Paris, 1964, see. doc. 1 and 2.
5 Ivanov, J. Northern Macedonia. Historical searches. Sofia, 1906, pp 195-199.
6 Ivanov, Y. Bulgarian Antiquities in Macedonia, Sofia, 1931, pp 152-156.
7 Динић, M. dubrovachkog From the archive, kny.1, Beograd, 1957, p. 62, 65-66.
8 Takàcs, M. Sächsische Bergleute im mittelalterlichen Serbien und die sächsische Kirche von Novo Brdo, SOF, 50, 1991, S. 37.
9 TDIMN. OPD, t.V, Part Two, p. 32.
10 Ibid, p. 65.
11 Quellen und Materialien zur albanischen Geschichte im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. Bd.2, Hrsg. P. Bartl. München, 1979, p. 130.
12 Tomovski, K. and others., Kratovo. Old-arhitektonsko urbanistichka sodrzhina. Скопjе, 1980, p. 49.
13 An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1914, ed. by H. Inalcik and D. Quartert. Cambridge, 1994, p. 211.
14 Andreev, S.., Grozdanova, E From the history of ore-mining and metallurgy in the Bulgarian lands during the XV-XIX century. Sofia, 1993, p. 31.
15 Cordignano, F. Geografia ecclesiastica dell'Albania, OC, XXXVI-4, Roma 1934, p. 249; Draganović, K. Izvešće apostolskog vizitatora Petra
Masarechija o prilikama katol. naroda u Bugarskoj, Srbiji, Srijemu, Slavoniji i Bosni g. 1623 i 1624, St, 39, 1938, p. 29.
16 Jachov, M. tajnog Vatikanskog Journals archive XVI-XVIII centuries. Beograd, 1983, p. 51.
17 Jachov, M. Kongregatsije Magazines for propagandu Vere in rhyme o srbima 1622-1644, Beograd, 1986, section 1, p. 400; Zamputi, I. Relacione mbi
gjenden e Shiperisë veriore e te mesme në shekullin XVII. Vell.II (1634-1650), Tiranë, 1965, p. 172-173.
18 Ibidem, p. 264-266; Jachov, M. op. cit., p. 590.
19 Jačov, M. Le Missioni cattoliche nei Balcani durante guerra di Candia (1645-1669). Vaticano 1992, Vol.I, p. 339-340, 342.
20 Ibidem, Vol. II, p. 205, 207.
Makedonija 21 st affairs patopistsi Stransky, preparing. Al. Matkovski, item 1, Скопjе, 1991, p. 596.
22 See. Petrov, P. Karposhovoto uprising. S., 1994.
23 Document of Catholic activity, pp 428.
24 Ivanov, Y. Bulgarian Antiquities in Macedonia, s. 152-156.
25 Радонић, J. Roman t kurija juzhnoslovenske земље sh XVI to XIX centuries. Beograd, 1950, p. 422.
26 Quellen und Materialien, p. 129-130.
27 To see kriptohristiyanstvoto among Albanians. Skendi, S. Crypto-christianity in the Balkan area, p. 227-257.
28 Jachov, M. tajnog Magazines, p. 184, 245, 262.
29 Радонић, J. Op. cit., p. 649.

http://nevistini.blog.com.mk/node/253684

Picasso` wrote:Emra, mbiemra, artefakte, dinasti, cilesi kulturore, materijale, mitologji, etj.

Per shqiptaret ne Maqedoni.

And first, here is the portrait of Mdhemed Ali's prime minister:
" Among the men attached to the fortune of Mehemed-Ali, few have rendered him so useful and important services as Boghos-Bey. Boghos-Youijouf, an Armenian, born at Smyrna, in his youth tried unsuccessfully various kinds of commerce. • He arrived in Egypt at the time of the French invasion, and joined the pacha in the quality of interpreter; in which difficult post he distinguished himself by his talents and assiduity. The suppleness of his character did not save him from falling into disgrace with his master, who had, we are assured, given order that he should be thrown into the Nile. The interference of M. de Rosetti, consul-general of Tuscany, who then enjoyed great influence with the pacha, saved the life of Boghos, who soon resumed his functions of interpreter ; and his credit has since that period never ceased to increase. None knew better than Boghos the art of prolonging business when interest required that it should not be terminated. Skilful in giving offence to nobody, in not contradicting, in not yielding, yet without ever refusing ; his manners arc always affable, his reception gracious, his politeness refined. Possessing more natural mind than acquired knowledge, more skilfulness in business than large administrative views, more finesse than real talent; but indefatigable in labour, endowed with a sound judgment, and entirely devoted to the viceroy, to whom he owes his fortune, it cannot be denied that, in many circumstances, he has given him important aid. Boghos - Youc,onf- Bey is at present the first minister of Mchemed, over whose mind he exercises a very great ascendency : we will add, that it is to be regretted that the fear of alienating the mind of his master, by opposing his favourite ideas, has more than once hindered him from giving more energetic and more conscientious counsels."
Nearly all the great men of Eastern history have risen from obscurity. Now, for a picture of the viceroy himself: —
" A sentinel was placed at the door of one of
arranged in the Albanian fashion. Endowed with much natural intelligence, joining the most prepossessing manners to a great enthusiasm for the European innovations, the pacha possesses, in the highest degree, the art of captivating his hearers, and of imposing his manner of seeing things on those who are about him. We need not be surprised, therefore, at the reputation which has been given to him in Europe by the persons who have had an opportunity of approaching him. We were impatient to begin a conversation in which we expected that the regenerator of Egypt was going to reveal himself to us; but it turned almost entirely on questions of commerce, and we could not help feeling a kind of disappointment in finding only the speculator and merchant, where we thought we should have found the conqueror and legislator. * *
" Alexander the Great is the favourite hero of the viceroy. Having learnt that there existed a summary of the historians of this conqueror, he ordered the work to be procured from France. We were present when it was brought to him: arabesques in gold added to the elegance of this handsome volume, on which Thouvenin seemed to have exhausted the resources of his art. ' In how short a time can you give me this book translated?' was the question he put to one of his interpreters. ' In six months.' ' It is too long,' answered the pacha, with vivacity; and seizing immediately the yataghan of one of his khawass, he quickly parted the rich volume into three. ' In this manner three of you can work upon it; I must have the translation in two months. And I also,' said M£hemed-Ali to us, ' I intend that the events of my life shall be related to men. Every day I dictate to my kiatib (secretary) a portion of my history; and it is wonderful how one fact brings up another, and how a crowd of circumstances, which I had forgotten, are brought back to my memory. Admire,' added he, after a moment's silence, ' how He who knows all things, is impenetrable in his designs. They tell me that Alexander and Ptolemy were Macedonians; and I, too, am of Macedonia. Our country, then, was destined thrice to give masters to Egypt; but my power extends much further than theirs in this country, and I hope, with the assistance of Heaven, to discover one day if, as your Champollion believes, the Pharaohs reached the sources of this Nile blessed by God.' Our conversation lasted more tnan an hour; the physiognomy of the pacha was animated, and we experienced an inexpressible charm in hearing this extraordinary man abandoning himself to his natural talkativeness and curiosity, and mixing more than once traits of ingenuous ignorance with the observations of a subtle and penetrating mind. After we had been served with coffee in xarfs, ornamented with diamonds, the viceroy arose, and we took our leave of him, announcing to hirn, at the same time, our departure for Nubia. ' Go,' said he,' visit without fear every part of my dominions; every where you will find aid and protection.'"
Our authors give us very numerous instances of the terrible and oppressive tyranny under which the Egyptians groan, of the fearful manner in which they are bruised, and the country depopulated by the iron sceptre of their viceroy, whose government presents so much outward splendour. The following is the process of conscription in Egypt during the pacha's wars: it must not be forgotten, in extenuation, that the "grand" Napoleon, the idol of the French revolutionists, did much the same thing for France :—
" When a levy is ordered, the governors divide the number of conscripts to be furnished among the villages; and then, in execution of the measure, they send, as secretly as possible, the irregular Albanians attached to their service, to carry off the number of men required, So soon as the presence of these agents is announced on any point, the cultivators take flight, and the soldiers pursue them across the cultivated fields, which are trodden under foot by the horses, and ruined in every direction. At last, after one or two hunts, the Albanians obtain the number of prisoners fixed by the authority; but, in spite of the exact orders which are given, and after even severe punishment, the greater part of the unfortunates who are caught, are always children, old men, or men unfit for service, who, less nimble in flight, must necessarily be first caught. All the men whom the irregulars have captured are carried, in chains, to the nearest town, and there imprisoned lyitil the physician has examined them. The visit being ended, those who are judged unfit for service are sent home; but they are no sooner gone than there comes the question of replacing them: there is a new hunt, they are recaptured and taken again to the town to undergo a new visit, and, consequently, a new discharge; and this ceremony is repeated often more than twenty times before the number is completed. During this time the crops are ravaged, the fields are left uncultivated, and often, wheu people return to their labour, harvest or seed time is past, and the produce of a whole year is lost. By this it may be judged what an enormous sum a soldier costs the pacha before even he has entered the ranks. In vain the fellahs refuse, under pretext of former discharges, to follow the recruiting party. The cudgel and, at need, the sabre are ready to force them along; and we must confess, that it is very difficult to find a remedy for this serious inconvenience. The principle was adopted of giving certificates of discharge; but, independent of the errors which arose, as the greater part of the agents could not read, the fellahs who, by age or infirmity, were sure of being discharged again, gave their certificates to their relations or friends, and there were no more conscripts to be found."
The following is a specimen of the mode of administering justice in Egypt, as witnessed by our travellers at Kelioub.
" The memour received us in the most friendly manner. Whilst he was giving us information concerning the province intrusted to his administration, there were brought before him four men who had just been arrested on suspicion of murder. These unfortunate men were immediately sent to the kiahia (secretary. general) to be interrogated; the latter returned in about a quarter of an hour, and declared that, by the confusion of their answers, he had no doubt they were the murderers of the effendi, who had been slain some days before. ' Very well, inquire at Cairo, by the telegraph, what I must do with them.' The answer soon arrived. ' Since their guilt is acknowledged (said the chief of the council) they must be executed.' It happened to be market-day; moreover, we were on the road to Cairo, and the meinour was very glad that we should be able to give a good account of the manner in which justice was administered in his province. The order was given to hang them the same day. The delays of our reis did not allow us to depart before night, so we were present at the execution. The four sufferers were taken out of the warehouse, where they had been shut up for waut of a prison, and were conducted to a small square near the house of the memour. The merchants who were assembled there remained squatted beside their stalls, and saw pass, with the utmost indifference, these unfortunate people led by six soldiers and a sergeant. Every one quietly followed his business; and had it not been for the cries of the women and children, who followed to the place of execution a father, a husband, their only support, one would have supposed that nothing had occurred hut what was in the habitual routine of every day. Four stakes had been planted at the four corners of the square. The soldiers asked for ropes of the neighbours; but it was a luxury which nobody possessed. So, the sergeant went and brought some string, which the soldiers began to plat. Some of the lookers-on obligingly lent their aid to this operation, which the sufferers regarded quietly, without attempting to run away: which they might easily have done, for their hands were only weakly tied behind their backs, and nobody paid attention to them. The fatal moment was arrived; the youngest was chosen to be hung first. ' Fool! that is not the way to do it, (said one of the soldiers to his comrade, who began by passing the rope about the neck of his patient), it will be better to begin, by fastening it to the top of the stake.' Thereupon, he caused a ladder to be brought by one of the spectators, and proceeded in his work with the culprit, who, raised in the arms of another soldier, without the least resistance, expires quickly, after having cried out, that he is not guilty. Three of the victims were now dead. There remained the last, an old man with a white beard, who was surrounded by his wife and children, and who, as the only answer to their sobs and cries, repeated, at intervals, that he was innocent. ' Ali!' said the Serjeant to one of his soldiers, ' if thou went to the memour, to ask pardon for this poor old man, perhaps he would grant it—go!' And the soldier, shouldering coolly his musket, goes slowly to the governor to fulfil his mission. During the mean time, the old man conversed peacefully with his family. After a few minutes, the soldier returned; at sight of him, a gleam of hope and joy shone on the faces of the women: but the cries and sobs were soon redoubled: the memour had refused his pardon.
' It is a pity,' said the Serjeant, ' this old man has the air of an excellent fellow ; but his edjel (last hour) is come.' With these words he began himself to put the rope round the neck of his victim, who, after having embraced, with admirable resignation, his wife and children, contented himself with exclaiming, ' God is great!'"
If we judge by the numerous facts which are presented to us in this book, it would seem that the government of Egypt has been undermining its own power by the gradual exhaustion and destruction of its resources. The taxes are so exorbitant and so cruelly levied, that their result must be the throwing out of cultivation the land, and the reduction of the population to beggary.
Under the government of M6hemed-Ali there has been a great destruction of ancient monuments for the sake of their materials, even where excellent quarries are close at band. Such progress has utilitarianism made in Egypt.
" We may search in vain at Achmouneyn (Hermopolis Magna) any vestiges of the monuments which had adorned the sup'erb city, on whose ruins was built the town which is now itself in ruins. What time and fanaticism had respected has been destroyed by ignorance and cupidity, and the magnificent remains of Hermopolis Magna have been used to build a manufactory of saltpetre. The late Mr. Salt, the English consul, having learnt that they were going to destroy the remains of the city of Hermes, pleaded their cause with the viceroy, who, in consideration for the representative of Britain, promised to send immediate orders to hinder their destruction. But, vain hope! every thing was levelled; and there now remains nothing of the admirable portico which was looked upon as the most beautiful model of Egyptian architecture. It is with difficulty we distinguish, in the midst of the heaps of rubbish which mark the site of the ancient city, any of the bases of those columns now razed to the ground, about which lie, here and there, the remains of rich work, in the Grecian style, which have, by chance, escaped the devouring gulf of the lime-kiln. If the brutal despotism of the mamlouks forbade to science the knowledge of the monuments which time had spared, he respected them, at least, and preserved them to posterity. But who could tell the number of those which have disappeared, for ever, during the few years of the reign of MehemedAli ?"
At Samour, not far from Maufalout, our travellers found an immense grotto of mummies, little known even to the inhabitants of the country, and which has never yet been marked on a map. It appears, at some remote period, to have taken fire, either by accident or design, and, by tradition, is said to have burnt for many years.
We now leave our travellers for the present, with the end of their first volume, at Assouan (Syene), ready to pursue their further route up the Nile.
Adventures in the Moon and other Worlds. 12mo. Pp. 447. London, 1836. Longman and Co. This is a curious book, full of " quaint fancies, and witty devices." One ingenious allegory succeeds the other, and we leave off surprised at the fertility of our author's inventions, and the variety of shapes taken by his sarcasm. One of the most amusing of these, is a philosopher who is taken at his word, and becomes all mind, his voice being all
that remains, by which means he communicates to his wife his wonderful change :—
" Cleopatra, being now left alone with the voice, which she was henceforth to regard as Aristus, remained silent, and plainly shewed by her dejected countenance that she did not consider this sound as equivalent to a husband; while Aristus, in suggesting arguments to console her, felt himself very insignificant, and was conscious that he greatly wanted personal advantages. The remainder of the day having passed in melancholy conversation, and the hour of rest being arrived, he said, ' We must now part, for the immortal soul does not lie in bed : your body insists upon sleep, but I, being intellect, am no longer liable to any such infirmity. While you and your body are asleep, I shall be engaged in meditation, and you see, therefore, how many valuable hours I have rescued.' Cleopatra retired alone, not a little indignant that this meditation should have supplanted her in her husband's affections, while he left the house and glided forth to pass the night in contemplation, as he said. The moon was bright, and the night calm and beautiful. He sat down on the sea-shore, and betook himself to the consideration of several philosophical subjects, being very desirous of arriving at some happy thought, which might justify him to his friend. He had been persuaded that as soon as he was reduced to pure intellect, he should be put in possession of extraordinary powers; and that whenever he applied himself to thinking, some great revelation would be made to him. He now, therefore, sat waiting for these new thoughts; hut though he revolved one subject after another, on which he desired to gain information, to his great disappointment, his meditations did not seem to him more profound than when he had been detained in a body. After some hours, he was weary of these studies, by which he was surprised, having always imagined that the soul was not liable to fatigue, and having always laid to the charge of his body all the weariness that he had felt. Finding, however, that he was not the indefatigable intellect which he had expected to be, he returned home without having acquired any information except that it was a fine night. On arriving at home, he entered his wife's chamber, and sat down by her bed. She was asleep, and appeared very bountiful to him, and he could not refrain from stooping to kiss her, forgetting how incapable of such an enterprise he was become. On reaching her face, he endeavoured to press what he considered his lips against hers, and finding that no intercourse ensued, was reminded of the deception. Being distressed that all endearments were unattainable, he continued to gaze upon her, acknowledging to himself that she was a beautiful woman, and beginning to doubt whether he had done right. But he suddenly checked himself with the consideration that he was now a pure soul, and as such, could not possibly be affected by female beauty. Aristus had several young children, and the next morning Cleopatra endeavoured to explain to them the change that had taken place in their father. This, however, she was unable to make them comprehend; they were never to see him again, they were told, yet he was still with them, and by what means he had been put out of sight, was a mystery beyond their understanding. That figure which they had been used to consider as their father having vanished, they wondered how any remainder of him could be left, and were much perplexed by hearing that he had been divided into two. In vain their

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ALBPelasgian wrote:Ketu eshte nje deshmi e tipit gazetaresk sesi shqiptaret e Egjiptit (ne kohen e Mehmet Ali Pashes) e konsideronin si vendas Leken e Madh dhe si vendin e tyre Maqedonine (eshte paksa e gjate po ia vlen me e lexue):The Literary gazette and journal of the belles lettres, arts, sciences, &c, 1837

And first, here is the portrait of Mdhemed Ali's prime minister: "Among the men attached to the fortune of Mehemed-Ali, few have rendered him so useful and important services as Boghos-Bey. Boghos-Youijouf, an Armenian, born at Smyrna, in his youth tried unsuccessfully various kinds of commerce. • He arrived in Egypt at the time of the French invasion, and joined the pacha in the quality of interpreter; in which difficult post he distinguished himself by his talents and assiduity. The suppleness of his character did not save him from falling into disgrace with his master, who had, we are assured, given order that he should be thrown into the Nile. The interference of M. de Rosetti, consul-general of Tuscany, who then enjoyed great influence with the pacha, saved the life of Boghos, who soon resumed his functions of interpreter ; and his credit has since that period never ceased to increase.. Our country, then, was destined thrice to give masters to Egypt; but my power extends much further than theirs in this country, and I hope, with the assistance of Heaven, to discover one day if, as your Champollion believes, the Pharaohs reached the sources of this Nile blessed by God.' ... Our authors give us very numerous instances of the terrible and oppressive tyranny under which the Egyptians groan, of the fearful manner in which they are bruised, and the country depopulated by the iron sceptre of their viceroy, whose government presents so much outward splendour. The following is the process of conscription in Egypt during the pacha's wars: it must not be forgotten, in extenuation, that the "grand" Napoleon, the idol of the French revolutionists, did much the same thing for France...

If we judge by the numerous facts which are presented to us in this book, it would seem that the government of Egypt has been undermining its own power by the gradual exhaustion and destruction of its resources. The taxes are so exorbitant and so cruelly levied, that their result must be the throwing out of cultivation the land, and the reduction of the population to beggary. Under the government of Mehemed-Ali there has been a great destruction of ancient monuments for the sake of their materials, even where excellent quarries are close at band. Such progress has utilitarianism made in Egypt. "We may search in vain at Achmouneyn (Hermopolis Magna) any vestiges of the monuments which had adorned the sup'erb city, on whose ruins was built the town which is now itself in ruins. What time and fanaticism had respected has been destroyed by ignorance and cupidity, and the magnificent remains of Hermopolis Magna have been used to build a manufactory of saltpetre. The late Mr. Salt, the English consul, having learnt that they were going to destroy the remains of the city of Hermes, pleaded their cause with the viceroy, who, in consideration for the representative of Britain, promised to send immediate orders to hinder their destruction. But, vain hope! every thing was levelled; and there now remains nothing of the admirable portico which was looked upon as the most beautiful model of Egyptian architecture. It is with difficulty we distinguish, in the midst of the heaps of rubbish which mark the site of the ancient city, any of the bases of those columns now razed to the ground, about which lie, here and there, the remains of rich work, in the Grecian style, which have, by chance, escaped the devouring gulf of the lime-kiln. If the brutal despotism of the mamlouks forbade to science the knowledge of the monuments which time had spared, he respected them, at least, and preserved them to posterity. But who could tell the number of those which have disappeared, for ever, during the few years of the reign of MehemedAli ?" At Samour, not far from Maufalout, our travellers found an immense grotto of mummies, little known even to the inhabitants of the country, and which has never yet been marked on a map. It appears, at some remote period, to have taken fire, either by accident or design, and, by tradition, is said to have burnt for many years. We now leave our travellers for the present, with the end of their first volume, at Assouan (Syene), ready to pursue their further route up the Nile. Adventures in the Moon and other Worlds. 12mo. Pp. 447. London, 1836. Longman and Co. This is a curious book, full of " quaint fancies, and witty devices."

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