Ilire, Maqedone dhe Helene.

[Arbëri]

"Peaks of Shala" by Rose Wilder Lane.( Published in 1923)
Lane, Rose Wilder, 1886-1968

Shenimet per burimin ne Bulqize ku piu uje ushtria e Aleksandrit gjate rruges nga Emadhija ne Pele.

[Arbëri]

[Arbëri]

...Këtu ai korri një varg fitoresh të reja, por në një përleshje rrugësh në qytetin Argos (në gjirin a Korinthit) u vra më 272 dhe ushtria e tij u shpartallua plotësisht. Pirro ka qenë një nga udhëheqësit ushtarakë më të shquar të kohës së vet. Kur e pyetën njërin nga shokët e Aleksandrit të Maqedonisë kush ishte tani strategu më i shquar ai u përgjegj: "Pirro, kur të arrijë në moshë të pjekur". Më vonë strategu i madh i kohës së vjetër, Hanibali, i dha Pirros vendin e dytë pas Aleksandrit, kurse vehtes, vetëm të tretin. Pirro nuk ishte vetëm një udhëheqës ushtarak i praktikës, por edhe një teoricient ushtarak. Shumë mendime mbi artin ushtarak ai i shkroi në kujtimet e tij të cilat per fat të keq nuk na janë ruajtur. Por Pirro, ndonse ishte një udhëheqës ushtarak i shquar, me ekspeditat e tij mori përsipër një barrë që ishte jashtë fuqive të Epirit: të krijonte një perandori. Këto plane e hodhën atë në një varg luftash që përfunduan pa sukses.
Gjatë sundimit të Pirros shteti i Epirit arriti kulmin e fuqisë. Luftat e vazhdueshme u forcuan shumë pushtetin e mbretit dhe të rrethit të tij; institucioneve të rendit fisnor iu dha një grusht i rëndë.
Plaçka e luftës dhe robërit e kapur gjatë betejave e pasuruan aristokracinë epirote dhe e bënë një burim për zhvillimin e mëtejshëm të skllavërisë në Epir. Por këto lufta të përgjithëshme i shkaktuan Eprit humbje të mëdha në njerëz dhe rënduan shumë mbi masën e gjerë të popullsisë së Epirit. Pas vdekjes së Pirros shteti i Epirit u dobësua. Prej tij u shkëputën njëra pas tjetrës të gjitha tokat e pushtuara të taulantëve, Maqedonisë e Thesalisë. Maqedonia u forcuar e detyroi shtetin e Epirit ta njihte epërsinë e saj. Aleksandri i II, trashegimtari i Pirros, u përpoq të rifitonte së paku në veri tokat ilire.
Per këtë ai luftoi kundër mbretit taulant, Mytilit, të cilit i shkëputi disa toka në jugë të Apollonisë. Por në një luftë kundër maqedonëve ai u mund dhe i humbi përsëri tokat ilire të luginës së Vjosës. Mbretëria e Epirit u kthye kështu pothuajse në kufijtë e vjetër të saj. Pakënaqësia e popullsisë në kohën e pasardhësve të Pirros u shtua edhe më shumë. Këtë e shfrytëzoi aristokracia epirote, e cila e shihte me pakënaqësi gjithnjë më të madhe përqëndrimin e gjithë pushtetit në duart e mbretit. Si pasojë, në Epir shpërthyen konflikte të ashpëra që mbaruan me vrasjen, rreth vitit 230, të mbretëreshës së fundit të Epirit, Deidameia, dhe me përmbysjen a pushtetit mbretëror.

Pirro i Epirit sipas Edwin Jacques
Libri "SHQIPËTARËT"

[Arbëri]

Ilirian King Glaucias
IN THE FOTO: Pirro the Great (as a child) is being presented to the Ilirian King Glauk

[Arbëri]

[ALBPelasgian]

The very name of Macedonia, formerly known as 'Emathia,' derives in all
probability from the Albanian word E Madhia (the great).

The new Larned History for ready reference, reading and research ..., Volume 1‎ - Page 189
Josephus Nelson Larned, Augustus Hunt Shearer - History - 1922

[ALBPelasgian]

Ja nje material qe mund t'ia hidhni per fytyre propagandisteve grek, te cilet iliricitetin tone e konsiderojne si 'indoktrinim enverist'. Si duket Enver Hoxha, nder te tjerash paska pasur ne zoterim edhe nje makine te kohes, aq sa i mundesonte kthim ne shekullin e 14 dhe 'indoktrinim' kornikaneve mesjetar

[ALBPelasgian]

Kush e zotëron italishten, le ta përkthejë në shqip paragrafin e mëposhtëm te Viçenc Daorsës

L'Albania occupa presentemente quel tratto di paese della Turchia Europea , che confinato a settentrione dal monte Scardo o Prisrendi e dal fiume Drino , a mezzogiorno dal golfo d'Aria, a levante dalla Macedonia e Tessaglia, e dall'Adritico e Ionio a ponente, rapportandola alle posizioni antiche, comprende nella sua estensione una parte della Macedonia, una parte dell'Illiria e 1'Epiro (i). Difatti, Illirico-Macedone era ne'vecchi tempi la contrada ove sorge Durazzo (a) , fino ai Cerauui , e l'Epiro mantiene ognora il prisco suo nome. Risulta perciò chiaramente, che la nazione albanese nell'epoca prima della storia , venia formata da genti di tutle e tre esse provinele , scudo che la denominazione di Albania , come vedremo , fu di tempi posteriori. Laonde parlando noi degli Albanesi delle età vetuste, comprenderemo sì gl'llìiri e i Macedoni che gli Epiroti, e parlandone de'moderni , gì'indicheremo indistintamente ora col nome di Albanesi, ora con l'altro di Epiroti.

[Mallakastrioti]

Kush e zotëron italishten, le ta përkthejë në shqip paragrafin e mëposhtëm te Viçenc Daorsës

L'Albania occupa presentemente quel tratto di paese della Turchia Europea , che confinato a settentrione dal monte Scardo o Prisrendi e dal fiume Drino , a mezzogiorno dal golfo d'Aria, a levante dalla Macedonia e Tessaglia, e dall'Adritico e Ionio a ponente, rapportandola alle posizioni antiche, comprende nella sua estensione una parte della Macedonia, una parte dell'Illiria e 1'Epiro (i). Difatti, Illirico-Macedone era ne'vecchi tempi la contrada ove sorge Durazzo (a) , fino ai Cerauui , e l'Epiro mantiene ognora il prisco suo nome. Risulta perciò chiaramente, che la nazione albanese nell'epoca prima della storia , venia formata da genti di tutle e tre esse provinele , scudo che la denominazione di Albania , come vedremo , fu di tempi posteriori. Laonde parlando noi degli Albanesi delle età vetuste, comprenderemo sì gl'llìiri e i Macedoni che gli Epiroti, e parlandone de'moderni , gì'indicheremo indistintamente ora col nome di Albanesi, ora con l'altro di Epiroti.

"Shqiperia perfshin sot kete pjese vendi te Turqise Evropiane, kufizohet ne veri nga mali i Sharrit ose Prizrenit dhe nga lumi Drin,ne jug nga gjiri i Artes,ne lindje nga Maqedonia dhe Thesalia,dhe nga Adriatiku dhe Joni ne perendim,duke e raportuar me pozicionet e vjetra(te antikitetit),merr nje pjese te Maqedonise,nje pjese te Ilirise dhe te Epirit.Ne fakt,Iliro-Maqedonas ishte ne kohe te lashta toka ku ngrihej Durresi,deri ne malet e Vetetimes(Qeraune),dhe Epir mbarte emrin e saj.Rezultat per kete eshte e qarte,qe kombi shqiptar ne kohe para historise,ishte i formuar nga njerez te ketyre tre provincave(?),(?)...emertimi Shqiperi(Albania),siç do e shohim,ishte ne kohe te mepasshme.Laonde duke na folur per Shqiptaret te epokes se Vetus(Vjeter),benin pjese si Iliret,Maqedonasit dhe Epirotet,dhe duke folur per modernet(te sotshmit) do i tregojme pa ndryshim me emrin Shqiptar,ose me emrin Epirot."

[Arbëri]

Trako-Maqedonase dhe Ilire
Michele Marchiano
Napoli
Achille Cimmaruta
1908

[Arbëri]

[ALBPelasgian]

Sikur ta kishim të shqipëruar materialin e mësipërm, pale ç'xhevahirë do të kishim dhe lehtësi në studimin e së kaluarës sonë.

[Arbëri]

Sikur ta kishim të shqipëruar materialin e mësipërm, pale ç'xhevahirë do të kishim dhe lehtësi në studimin e së kaluarës sonë.

E presim kur te zgjohet Mallakastra
flet per lidhjet gjuhesore Trako-Maqedonase dhe Ilire dhe me lidhjet e ketyre me Shqipen.

[ALBPelasgian]

History of Macedonia
George Rawlinson M.A, Canon of Canterbury and Camden Professor of Ancient history at the University of Oxford
Ancient History of Chaldaea, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, Lydia, Phoenicia, Syria, Judaea, Egypt, Carthage, Persia, Greece, Macedonia, Parthia, and Rome., The Colonial Press, New York, 1899.
PART I (ca. B.C. 700 to B.C. 323)

From the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Death of Alexander the Great

According to the tradition generally accepted by the Greeks, the Macedonian kingdom, which under Philip and Alexander attained to such extraordinary greatness, was founded by Hellenic emigrants from Argos. The Macedonians themselves were not Hellenes; they belonged to the barbaric races, not greatly differing from the Greeks in ethnic type, but far behind them in civilization, which bordered Hellas upon the north. They were a distinct race, not Paeonian, not Illyrian, not Thracian; but, of the three, their connection was closest with the Illyrians. The Argive colony, received hospitably, gradually acquired power in the region about Mount Bermius; and Perdiccas, one of the original emigrants, was (according to Herodotus) acknowledged as king. (Other writers mentioned three kings anterior to Perdiccas, whose joint reigns covered the space of about a century.) The period which follows is one of great obscurity, little being known of it but the names of the kings (p.164-165)

Edhe pse autori perpiqet t'i paraqesë Maqedonasit si etni e dallueshme prej të tjerëve, prapseprapë e pranon që ata ishin më të afërt me ilirët.

[ALBPelasgian]

Arbër shqiponja prite këtë material interesant mbi Maqedonët e moçëm:

[quote]FROM THE ACCESSION OP PHILIP TO THE END OF THE SACRED WAR.
: . 'i Greece, g z. o^escnpuuii 0i iuaceuoma. g 6. IYmgs oi on. § 4. Character of Philip. § 5. He subdues the Paeonians lyrians. § 6. His military discipline. § 7. Capture of Amphiand foundation of Philippi. 8 8, The Social War. 8 9. Com
§ 1. State of Greece. § 2. Description of Macedonia. § 3. Kings of Hacedon and Illyi
polia, and foundation of Philippi. Si mencement of the Sacred War. The Phocians seize Delphi. § 10. Successes of the Phocians. §11- Philip interferes in the war. Conquers Thessaly. § 12. Philip in Thrace. Demosthenes. § 13. The Olynthian War. § 14. Character of Phocion. Fall of Olynthus. § 15. Progress of the Sacred 'War. Embassy to Philip. § 16. Conquest of Phocis by Philip. Sentence of the Amphictyomc Council on the Phocians.

§ 1. The internal dissensions of Greece, which have formed the subject of the two preceding books, are now about to produce their natural fruits; and in the present book we shall have to relate the downfall of her independence and her subjugation by a foreign power. \Ve have first of all seen Sparta exercising a sort of empire of opinion over the other Grecian states, and looked up to by thorn with willing obedience as their traditional and chosen leader. After the Persian wars Athens contests the palm with her, and, through the confederacy of Delos, becomes virtually the head of Greece in material power, if not recognised as such by the public opinion of the nation. But Sparta and most of the other Grecian states, from jealousy of the Athenian supremacy, league together for the purpose of erushing Athens. After a long struggle, Athens falls into the power of her enemies ; and Sparta becomes the ruler of Greece. The power which she has thus acquired, she exercises with harshness, cruelty, and corruption ; her own allies desert her; and in little more than thirty years after the battle of jEgospotarui she is in her turn not only deprived of the.supremacy, but even stripped of a considerable portion of her own ancient territory, chiefly through the power and influence of Thebes. For a little while Thebes becomes the predominant state ; but she owes her position solely to the abilities and genius of Epaminondas, and after his death sinks down to her former level. The state of exhaustion into which Greece had been thrown by these protracted intestine dissensions is already shown by her having condescended to throw herself at the feet of Persia, and to make her hereditary enemy the arbiter of her quarrels. Athens alone, during the comparative state of tranquillity afforded her through the mutual disputes of her neighbours, has succeeded in regaining some portion of her former strength, and becomes the leading power in the struggle which now threatens to overwhelm the whole of Greece. This new danger comes from an obscure northern state, hitherto overlooked and despised, and considered as altogether barbarous, and without the pale of Grecian civilization.
§ 2. Macedonia—for that is the country of which we are speaking—had various limits at different times. Properly, however, it may be regarded as separated from Thessaly on the south by the Cambunian mountains ; from Illyria on the west by the great mountain chain called Scardus and Bernus, and which, under the name of Pindus, also separates Thessaly from Epirus; from Moesia on the north by the mountains called Orbelus and Scomius ; and from Thrace on the east by the river Stryrnon. It is drained by three rivers of considerable size, the Axius, the Lydias, and the Haliaemon ; each of which has its separate valley, formed by two mountain ranges running southeastwards from the mountains that divide Illyria and Macedonia.
I
All these rivers discharge themselves into the Thermaic gulf. The origin of the people who inhabited this tract of country has been much disputed. The Greeks themselves looked upon them as barbarians, that is, as not of Hellenic origin. They were probably an Illyrian people, and the similarity of the manners and customs, as well as of the languages, so far as they are known, of the early Macedonians and lllyrians, seems to establish the identity of the races.
'§ 3. But though the Macedonians were not Greeks, their sovereigns claimed to be descended from an Hellenic race, namely, that of Temenus of Argos ; and it is said that Alexander I. proved his Argive descent previously to contending at the Olympic games. Perdiccas is commonly regarded as the founder of the monarchy ; of the history of which, however, little is known till the reign of Amyntas I., his fifth successor, who was contemporary with the Pisistratidae at Athens. Under Amyntas, who submitted to the satrap Megabyzus, Macedonia became subject to Persia, and remained so till after the battle of Plataea. The reigns of the succeeding sovereigns down to Philip II. present little that is remarkable, with the exception of that of Archelaus (b.c. 413). This monarch eflected much for Macedonia by improving the condition of the army, by erecting fortresses to check the incursions of his barbarous neighbours, by constructing roads, and by endeavouring to diffuse among his subjects a taste for literature and art. He transferred his residence from jEgae to Pella, which thus became the capital, and he employed Zeuxis to adorn his palace there with paintings. He entertained many literary men at his court; such as Agathon and Euripides, the latter of whom ended his days at Pella. Archelaus was assassinated in B.c. 399, and the crown devolved upon Amyntas II., a representative of the ancient line. Amyntas left three sons : Alexander II., who was assassinated by Ptolemy Alorites ; Perdiccas III., who recovered his brother's throne by slaying Ptolemy, and who fell in battle against the lllyrians ; and lastly, the celebrated Philip, of whom we have now to speak.
5 4. It has been already mentioned that the youthful Philip was one of the hostages delivered to the Thebans as security for the peace eflected by Pelopidas. His residence at Thebes gave him some tincture of Grecian philosophy and literature. It seems probable that he made the personal acquaintance of Plato; and he undoubtedly acquired that command over the Greek language which put him on a level with the best orators of the day. But the most important lesson which he learned at Thebes was the art of war, with all the improved tacties introduced by Epaminondas. At the time of Philip's residence, moreover, Thebes was the centre of political interest, and he must accordingly havu had opportunities to become intimately acquainted with the views and policy of the various Grecian powers. The genius and character of Philip were well calculated to derive advantage from these opportunities. He had great natural acuteness and sagacity, so as to perceive at a glance the men to be employed, and the opportunities to be improved. His boundless ambition was seconded by an iron will, which no danger could daunt and no repulse dishearten ; and when he had once formed a project he pursued it with untiring and resistless energy. His handsome person, spontaneous eloquence, and apparently frank deportment, were of great assistance to him in the prosecution of his schemes ; whilst under these seducing qualities lurked no inconvenient morality to stand between his desires and their gratification. Corruption was his instrument as frequently as force ; and it was one of his favourite hoasts that he had taken more towns with silver than with iron.* Yet when force was necessary no man could wield it better; for with the skill of .1 general he united a robustness of constitution which enabled him to bear all the hardships of a campaign as well as the meanest soldier.
§ 5. Such was the man who at the age of 23 assumed the government of Macedonia (b.c. 359). It had probably been intrusted to him when his brother Perdiccas set out on the expedition against the Illyrians in which he fell; and after that event he became the guardian of his brother's infant sou. This minority induced two pretenders to claim the crown : Pausanias, who was supported by the king of Thrace; and Argaeus, whose claims were backed by the Athenians with a force of 3000 hopliles. because he had engaged to put them in possession of Amphipolis. But by his promises and address Philip contrived to propitiate both the king of Thrace and the Athenians ; to the latter of whom he made the same offers as Argaeus had done. The two pretenders being thus deprived of their supporters, were easily got rid of, and Philip was left at liberty to turn his arms against the Paeonians and Illyrians, who were threatening Macedonia with invasion. The former people were easily subdued, and Philip then marched against the Illyrians with a force of 10,000 men. He was met by Bardylis, the aged chief of Illyria, with an army of about the same strength. This was the first important engagement fought by Philip. He displayed in it the military skill which he had acquired in the school of Epa/quote]

A history of Greece: from the earliest times to the Roman conquest : with ...‎ - Page 502
Sir William Smith, George Washington Greene - Art - 1863